Insights on the physico-chemical properties of alkali lignins from different agro-industrial residues and their use in phenol-formaldehyde wood adhesive formulation

Current approaches, emerging developments and functional prospects for lignin-based catalysts – a review

“…1b), plus minor levels of ash, wax, protein, and minerals, depending on the type and environment of the raw material. 6,70,71 Generally, the lignin percentage is 25-38% for softwood, 20-30% for hardwood, 11-20% for agro-industrial residues and 8-15% for grasses. Table 1 summarizes the chemical composition of various lignocellulosic materials.…”

“…[93][94][95] The physicochemical properties, the rheological behavior and the mechanical performances of ligninbased resins were found to be enhanced due to the high cure and crosslinking of lignin with the neat resin matrix. 6 Interestingly, FE (formaldehyde emissions) decrease markedly from the wood composites prepared with lignin-modified adhesives, allowing for the enhancement of air quality.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] As the most accessible and recyclable carbon resource on Earth, lignocellulosic biomass is recognized as the key renewable material for an alternative and sustainable technology. [6][7][8] Increasingly, lignocellulosic materials are integrated into different technologies via several physicochemical conversions to produce a variety of sustainable and ecological materials in different fields. [9][10][11][12] Polysaccharides including cellulose and hemicellulose are well-developed and used in many sectors for functional bio-based chemicals, [13][14][15][16] while lignin and its derivatives are less explored and deserve more comprehensive research to reveal their full value.…”

“…Traditionally, the focus of most lignin applications has been on its use as a raw material, depolymerized, or functionalized polymer. In fact, unmodified and modified lignin has been widely used in wood-adhesive materials, 6,23 composites, 24,25 biomedical products, 2,26 flame retardants 27,28 and bio-adsorption applications. 29,30 Still, the implementation of lignin in catalysis is to date rarely introduced due to its complex structure and heterogeneous properties, with only relatively few studies devoted to extending the values of lignin in catalysts as a support or functional polymer in certain catalytic reactions.…”

Recent progress of biomass in conventional wood adhesives: a review

“…These values even outperformed the samples bonded by NPF. Mennani et al 109 tried to evaluate the value of four kinds of agricultural wastes (spent coffee (SC), cactus waste seeds (CWS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and sugar beet pulp (SBP)) to produce lignin, and to evaluate their value as adhesives in the development of PF adhesives (Fig. 8F).…”