Multireference methods
are known for their ability to accurately
treat states of very different nature in many molecular systems, facilitating
high-quality simulations of a large variety of spectroscopic techniques.
Here, we couple the multiconfigurational restricted active space self-consistent
field RASSCF/RASPT2 method (of the CASSCF/CASPT2 methods family) to
the displaced harmonic oscillator (DHO) model, to simulate soft X-ray
spectroscopy. We applied such an RASSCF/RASPT2+DHO approach at the
K-edges of various second-row elements for a set of small organic
molecules that have been recently investigated at other levels of
theory. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) are simulated with a sub-eV accuracy and a correct
description of the spectral line shapes. The method is extremely sensitive
to the observed spectral shifts on a series of differently fluorinated
ethylene systems, provides spectral fingerprints to distinguish between
stable conformers of the glycine molecule, and accurately captures
the vibrationally resolved carbon K-edge spectrum of formaldehyde.
Differences with other theoretical methods are demonstrated, which
show the advantages of employing a multireference/multiconfigurational
approach. A protocol to systematically increase the number of core-excited
states considered while maintaining a contained computational cost
is presented. Insight is eventually provided for the effects caused
by removing core–electrons from a given atom in terms of bond
rearrangement and influence on the resulting spectral shapes within
a unitary orbital-based framework for both XPS and XANES spectra.