“…Genetic differentiation of H. columbae cannot distinguish morphological characters among the different haplotypes. Although previous studies hypothesized that >5% genetic dissimilarity in the cytb gene is indicative with different morphospecies ( Hellgren et al, 2007 ), later studies have shown that this might not be a reliable criterion to differentiate morphospecies of avian haemosporidians ( de Freitas et al, 2023 ; Palinauskas et al, 2015 ). This genetic difference was similar to H. columbae reported in urban pigeons in South Africa ( Nebel et al, 2020 ).…”