Insomnia, its Prevalence, Associated Factors and Effects on Old Age: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Insomnia is a common problem among old age population. Almost half of all old age adults report difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of insomnia, its associated factors and effects in old age adults. Methods: This was an observational analytical study where adults above 60 years of age from a ward of a village development committee were included. Data were collected for a period of four months. Insomnia was measured by Athens Insomnia Scale and structured questionnaires were used to assess the effects of insomnia. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequency and percentages. Association between variables was assessed with Chi-square test or Fisher's Exact test as appropriate. Results: There were a total of 55 participants in the study. Insomnia was prevalent in 56.4% (n=31) of the study population. Among the studied socio-demographic variables, presence of medical illness was significantly associated with insomnia. Insomnia was significantly associated with morning headache, irritability, unhappiness, fatigue, lack of concentration, day time sleepiness, avoiding interaction with people, and need of sedative for sleep. Conclusion: Majority of the old age adults suffer from insomnia with night awakenings as the most common symptom. Insomnia significantly affects various aspects of life at an old age.

Refractive Error among Children Presenting to the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

“…11 Likewise in a study done in Nepal, the overall prevalence of refractive error was 9% which was lower than present study. 12 In a study done in Iran, the prevalence of astigmatism was 16.7% which was almost similar to the present study. 13 The limitation of this study was that the possible risk factors responsible for the development of the different types of refractive errors were not assessed.…”

“… 11 Likewise in a study done in Nepal, the overall prevalence of refractive error was 9% which was lower than present study. 12 In a study done in Iran, the prevalence of astigmatism was 16.7% which was almost similar to the present study. 13 …”

Refractive Error among Children Visiting the Department of Paediatric Opthalmology of a Tertiary Eye Care Center

“…The prevalence of refractive error in this study is 18.5%, which is higher than the study done in Palpa (9%). 11 Compared to a study done in 15000 children in 2010, myopia was predominant among males and hyperopia was predominant among females, however, this study of 3600 students Myopia was predominant among both males and females followed by astigmatism and hyperopia. 12 Similarly in a study conducted in 2015 in the Terai region astigmatism was higher among children.…”

Perbedaan Tingkat Insomnia Lansia Yang Tinggal Di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Dengan Lansia Yang Tinggal Dengan Keluarga

“…15 Kondisi serupa diperoleh pada penelitian observasional cross-sectional tahun 2017, bahwa 58,6% kejadian insomnia lebih tinggi pada responden yang tidak berpendidikan. 16 Berdasarkan gambaran insomnia lansia, kelompok lansia yang tinggal di panti sosial tresna werdha sebagian besar mengalami insomnia yaitu 7 responden (46,7%) mengalami insomnia ringan dan 6 responden (40%) mengalami insomnia sedang. Sedangkan, lansia yang tinggal bersama dengan keluarga yang merupakan anggota perhimpunan wreda sejahtera sebagian besar tidak mengalami insomnia yaitu 26 responden (74,3%).…”