Inspection of the Strength Characteristics and Heat-Treatment Quality of Ferromagnetic Articles Based on Parameters of the Residual-Magnetization Hysteresis Loop upon Their Local Magnetization and Magnetization Reversal in a Pulsed Magnetic Field with a Variable Amplitude: I. Parameters of the Hysteresis Loop

Matyuk, V. F.; Mel’gui, M. A.; Pinchukov, D. A.; Lyubarets, A. L.

doi:10.1007/s11181-005-0166-x

Cited by 2 publications

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“…In the broad temperature range of tempering from 100 to 600°C, the hardness control HRC of 60C2 steel is possible [26] using the following equation: (2) which provides the correlation coefficient R = 0.976 and root mean square deviation S n = 2.1HRC.…”

Section: The Quality Control Of the Heat Treatment Of #60c2 [25 26] mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparameter methods in magnetic structuroscopy and instruments for their realization (Review): II. The pulsed magnetic multiparameter method and IMA-M instrument for its performance

Mel’gui

2015

Russ J Nondestruct Test

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Despite considerable progress in the development of multiparameter magnetic structural analysis based on the use of an attachable electromagnet whose poles are mounted on a tested article [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], there are some problems in the engineering industry for which the solution the magnetization of articles with attached electromagnets is complicated or impossible: these include figure shaped articles, where no sec tion is present that allows the mounting of the poles of an electromagnet, and small articles, whose sizes are less than the pole distance. In addition, the measurement error is also affected by the variable gap between the electromagnet poles and tested article. The approaches for the reduction of this effect were considered in [8].In the pulsed magnetic control method, a test article is magnetized by the magnetic field of a short solenoid, whose axis is perpendicular to the surface of a tested article and a pulsed current train is supplied to the windings. In the conventional variant, the train contains pulses with identical amplitudes [9]. One parameter is measured, namely, the gradient ∇H rn of the residual magnetization field intensity of an article along the symmetry axis of the magnetizing field. Using this value the calculation characteristics are deter mined from a predetermined single parameter linear correlation equation of the controlled characteris tics and ∇H rn magnitude. Instruments of the IMA [10-15] and IMPOK types [16,17] are widely used for testing the mechanical properties of low carbon steel flat rolled products.One feature of the pulsed magnetic method is its low sensitivity to the gap between the transducer and test article, which does not exceed 2% for IMA type instruments with a change of the gap by 0.1 mm [18]. For IMPOK type units, which perform the magnetization of continuous flat rolling by transducers that are mounted from two sides of a roll and measure the field gradients of residual magnetization from two sides of a roll as well, the relative error, which is determined by the deviation of the roll from the neutral plane within 10 mm, is less than 5% [16].However, the single parameter IMA method, as well as the single parameter coercimetry method, does not provide the solution of many problems of the quality control of articles of the engineering indus try: the quality control of medium and high temperature tempering of articles made from steels with a carbon content above 0.3%, the quality control of hardening layers after cementation or HFC hardening, the quality control of hardening and tempering of tool steels, and other types.To solve these problems, multiparameter pulsed magnetic nondestructive testing [19][20][21] and the IMA M type instrument (a multiparameter pulsed magnetic analyzer) for the performance of the method [22][23][24] are proposed.Abstract-It is shown here that it is possible to control the hardness of heat treated steels of various chemical compositions, to control the quality of surface hardening, and to solve several other prob lems of ma...

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Section: The Quality Control Of the Heat Treatment Of #60c2 [25 26] mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparameter methods in magnetic structuroscopy and instruments for their realization (Review): II. The pulsed magnetic multiparameter method and IMA-M instrument for its performance

Mel’gui

2015

Russ J Nondestruct Test

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“…A magnetic method [3][4][5][6][7] could ensure a high production rate and lower the labor input to the inspection procedure; however, as shown in [8], none of the magnetic characteristics measured in a static magnetizing mode features a unique relation to the hardness of steel 50 ïÉîÄ after quenching and high-temperature tempering. An approach involving magnetization of items made of this steel by a series of pulses with an invariable amplitude and measurement of ∇ H rn , the gradient of the normal component of the residual magnetization's field strength also fails to solve the problem.…”

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“…The inspection method should involve measurements of the parameters of hysteresis loops and recovery curves [3] upon magnetization and magnetization reversal by series of pulses whose amplitudes rise from pulse to pulse with an increment of ∆ H p . This method of measurement is characterized by the following advantages: it does not require the surface to be prepared specially and enables the monitoring of several parameters during a single measurement.…”

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Inspection of the Strength Characteristics and Heat-Treatment Quality of Ferromagnetic Articles According to Parameters of the Residual-Magnetization Hysteresis Loop during Their Local Magnetization and Magnetization Reversal in a Pulsed Magnetic Field with a Variable Amplitude: III. Steel 50ΧΓΦΑ

Matyuk¹,

Mel’gui²,

Pinchukov³

et al. 2005

Russ J Nondestruct Test

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Effects of the tempering temperature on specimens' hardness and on parameters of both the anomalous-hysteresis loop and the recovery curves for the gradient of the residual magnetization field's strength are studied experimentally. Test specimens made of steel 50 ïÉîÄ intended for laminated springs are quenched in water from 850 ° C and subjected to local magnetization and magnetization reversal by a pulsed magnetic field created by an attachable solenoid whose axis is perpendicular to the surface. The amplitude of pulses changes with increment ∆ H p . Parameters enabling nondestructive testing of the hardness of multiple-leaf springs made from steel 50 ïÉîÄ within three ranges of temperingtemperature variation (0-300, 300-600, and 0-600 ° C) are determined.High-quality chrome-manganese steel 50 ïÉîÄ intended for laminated springs is used in manufacturing of critical multiple-leaf springs for vehicles. It differs from silicon steel 60C2 investigated earlier [1] by improved technological properties attained at the same cost.An increase in the content of manganese in a medium-carbon chrome-alloy steel results in improved strength properties, minor variations of plasticity, and increased hardening characteristics. Owing to the presence of vanadium, this steel has a fine-grained structure that additionally improves its hardening characteristics. If this steel is tempered in the range 400-500 ° C, vanadium carbides that dissolved when the steel was heated for quenching become deposited at the nodes of the dislocation lattice. This process slows softening of steel in the tempering process until noticeable coagulation of these carbides begins, a process which takes place at tempering temperatures above 500 ° C.Vanadium positively affects the process of nitrogen binding as well. Low sensitivity to the growth of austenite grains and a uniform distribution of carbides in the structure of steel 50 ïÉîÄ after tempering ensure increased impact viscosity [2].Manufacturing instructions stipulate that a bundle of plates made of this steel, which is intended for making a single multiple-leaf spring, should be heated for quenching in a belt furnace with a temperature of 800-810 ° C at the entry, 890-910 ° C in the central zone, and 890-910 ° C at the exit. The heated leaves are bent and tempered in oil for 15 to 20 min. The oil temperature should not exceed 90 ° C. The hardness after quenching, which is measured once every hour, should be in the range 477-712 HB (55-63.5 HRC ).The quenched leaves are tempered also in a belt furnace whose temperature at the entry and the exit is 500-520 ° C. Heating for tempering lasts 100 min. The hardness after cooling is measured at three points: at the two ends of a leaf and on the convex surface at its center. The value of hardness should be 363-444 HB (39-47 HRC ). The hardness of individual leaves within the same multiple-leaf spring must not exceed 40 HB (4 HRC ).Owing to the dimensions and weight of a multiple-leaf spring (the length is >2 m and the weight is 30 kg) and to the necessity to...

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Cited by 2 publications

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Multiparameter methods in magnetic structuroscopy and instruments for their realization (Review): II. The pulsed magnetic multiparameter method and IMA-M instrument for its performance

Multiparameter methods in magnetic structuroscopy and instruments for their realization (Review): II. The pulsed magnetic multiparameter method and IMA-M instrument for its performance

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