Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

Eastwood, Peter R.; Hillman, David R.; Finucane, Kevin E.

doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00314.x

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Eastwood et al (2001) investigated the effect of increased airway resistance in athletes and sedentary individuals and found that during exercise both groups maintained a low respiratory rate unlike our study in which individuals of both groups had a statistically significant increase in respiratory rate. Eastwood et al (2001) also observed a decrease in oxygen saturation at peak load, which was not observed in our study since our rate of arterial oxygenation remained unchanged. And as in our study, Eastwood et al (2001) demonstrated that the efficiency of the respiratory muscles was similar in both groups [32].…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…Contradicting the study by Ratnovsky et al (2005) which showed that it increases with high efforts and does nearly 10% of the inspiratory work [31]. Eastwood et al (2001) investigated the effect of increased airway resistance in athletes and sedentary individuals and found that during exercise both groups maintained a low respiratory rate unlike our study in which individuals of both groups had a statistically significant increase in respiratory rate. Eastwood et al (2001) also observed a decrease in oxygen saturation at peak load, which was not observed in our study since our rate of arterial oxygenation remained unchanged.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Eastwood et al (2001) also observed a decrease in oxygen saturation at peak load, which was not observed in our study since our rate of arterial oxygenation remained unchanged. And as in our study, Eastwood et al (2001) demonstrated that the efficiency of the respiratory muscles was similar in both groups [32].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 49%

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Electromyographic Pattern of Respiratory Muscles in Young People during Incremental Exercise

Amorim¹

2016

JESO

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Open Access Research ArticleVentilation occurs through the coordinated contraction of specific muscle groups, which in inspiration produces enough energy to distend the pulmonary structures [3,5]. In the healthy individual the ventilatory requirements during exercise, are easily achieved because the breathing muscles are anatomically suited for increasing ventilatory requirements and neural regulation of respiration is ideal [6].It should be emphasized that the accessory respiratory muscles are progressively recruited with the increased ventilatory demand. Thus, sharing the load required to bear hyperpnea, shallow and rapid breathing that occurs during exercise [6,7].Among the respiratory muscles recruited during exercise, the external intercostal sternum sternums are considered important because of their important postural and respiratory role in stabilizing and maintaining the shape and integrity of the rib cage when the ribs elevate and expand the chest during inspiration. The sternocleidomastoid is also considered by some authors the most important accessory muscle of inspiration along with the upper trapezius whose ventilatory role is to assist in the inspiration on effort helping to raise the rib cage [8].Understanding the physiological changes of the respiratory muscles before physical effort is a largely explored subject in exercise physiology. The proper functioning of these muscles results in an improvement of the performance of elite athletes, besides its great importance for chronic lung diseases, Parkinson's, and cardiovascular disorders whose clinical changes result in weakness of these muscles [9]. AbstractDuring exercise, the muscles involved inbreathing is progressively recruited due to increased demand in respiratory effort. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a technique that allows evaluation of these muscles providing information on the recruitment of motor units. The aim of this study was describe the electrical activity of the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and intercostal sternum muscles in active and sedentary young subjects during incremental exercise test. Cross-sectional research design, including 20 young adults of both genders, aged 18to 36 years participated of study. The EMG signal amplitudes were analyzed in the time domain from muscular activity of the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and intercostal sternum muscles, in relation to the variation of the load imposed on the incremental exercise. A mixed linear adjustments model was used to study the effects of the load, groups (active and sedentary) and the interaction (load x group) .The results there was no significant difference between-groups and interaction effects (group x load). Significant increase in the EMG signal amplitude was however found during the increase of the load for the three muscles studied. There was an increase in the amplitude of the electromyographic signal of accessories respiratory muscles in relation to the load increase during incremental exercise test.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 55%

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Electromyographic Pattern of Respiratory Muscles in Young People during Incremental Exercise

Amorim¹

2016

JESO

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“…One study has shown no difference in inspiratory muscle strength with increased respiratory muscle endurance in endurance trained athletes when compared to controls (Eastwood et al, 2001). In this study, changes in breathing pattern and active expiration through recruitment of additional respiratory muscles during exercise was suggested as the mechanism for greater respiratory muscle endurance (Eastwood et al, 2001). The majority of the current research using ET to alter respiratory muscle strength has been conducted using mainly rat models.…”

Section: Pulmonary Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…By increasing the expiratory flow rates, there could be a potential reduction on the pulmonary limitations discussed above. While this has been indirectly shown with endurance trained subjects, from hyperventilation and adoption of differing breathing patterns, the effects could potentially be even greater with HIT (Eastwood et al, 2001;Holm et al, 2004).…”

Section: Pulmonary Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of high-intensity interval training on pulmonary function

Dunham

Harms

2011

Eur J Appl Physiol

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High-intensity interval training (HIT) has been utilized as a time-efficient strategy to induce numerous physiological adaptations and improve performance usually associated with "traditional" endurance training (ET). It is not known however, if HIT might lead to improvements in pulmonary function. Therefore we hypothesized that HIT would increase respiratory muscle strength and expiratory flow rates. Fifteen healthy subjects were randomly assigned to an ET group (n = 7) and a HIT group (n = 8).All subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion (VO 2 max) on a cycle ergometer prior to and after training. Standard pulmonary function tests, maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax), and maximal flow volume loops, were performed pre training and after each week of training. HIT subjects performed a four week training program on a cycle ergometer at 90% of their VO 2 max final workload while the ET subjects performed exercise at 60-70% of their VO 2 max final workload. All subjects trained three days/ week. The HIT group performed five one-minute bouts with three minute recovery periods and the ET group cycled for 45 minutes continuously at a constant workload. A five-mile time trial was performed prior to training, after two weeks of training, and after four weeks of training. Both groups showed similar (p<0.05) increases in VO 2 max (~8-10%) and improvements in time trials following training (HIT 6.5 ± 1.3%, ET 4.4 ± 1.8%) with no difference (p>0.05) between groups. Both groups increased (p<0.05) PImax post training (ET ~25%, HIT ~43%) with values significantly higher for HIT than ET. There was no change (p>0.05) in expiratory flow rates with training in either group. These data suggest that whole body exercise training is effective in increasing inspiratory muscle strength with HIT leading to greater improvements than ET. Also, HIT offers a time-efficient alternative to ET in improving aerobic capacity and performance.iv

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Effects of concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on respiratory and exercise performance in competitive swimmers

et al. 2005

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The efficiency of the respiratory system presents significant limitations on the body's ability to perform exercise due to the effects of the increased work of breathing, respiratory muscle fatigue, and dyspnoea. Respiratory muscle training is an intervention that may be able to address these limitations, but the impact of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance remains controversial. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effects of a 12-week (10 sessions week(-1)) concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training (CRMT) program in 34 adolescent competitive swimmers. The CRMT program consisted of 6 weeks during which the experimental group (E, n = 17) performed CRMT and the sham group (S, n = 17) performed sham CRMT, followed by 6 weeks when the E and S groups performed CRMT of differing intensities. CRMT training resulted in a significant improvement in forced inspiratory volume in 1 s (FIV1.0) (P = 0.050) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) (P = 0.045) in the E group, which exceeded the S group's results. Significant improvements in pulmonary function, breathing power, and chemoreflex ventilation threshold were observed in both groups, and there was a trend toward an improvement in swimming critical speed after 12 weeks of training (P = 0.08). We concluded that although swim training results in attenuation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia and in improvements in pulmonary function and sustainable breathing power, supplemental respiratory muscle training has no additional effect except on dynamic pulmonary function variables.

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Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects

Cited by 45 publications

References 48 publications

Electromyographic Pattern of Respiratory Muscles in Young People during Incremental Exercise

Electromyographic Pattern of Respiratory Muscles in Young People during Incremental Exercise

Effects of high-intensity interval training on pulmonary function

Effects of concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on respiratory and exercise performance in competitive swimmers

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