Inspiratory muscle training fails to improve endurance capacity in athletes

Williams, James S.; Wongsathikun, Jatuporn; Boon, Sharon M; Acevedo, Edmund O.

doi:10.1097/00005768-200207000-00022

Cited by 80 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Studies that have specifically trained the respiratory muscles have reported either an improvement (16,17,28,33,78,84,119,124,131) or no change (25,29,38,57,92,117,140) in whole body exercise tolerance. A concern with all of these studies, however, is that endurance performance was evaluated using fixed work-rate tasks sustained to the limit of tolerance.…”

Section: Overcoming the Respiratory Limitations To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance

Romer

Polkey²

2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

261

212

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Romer LM, Polkey MI. Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol 104: 879 -888, 2008. First published December 20, 2007 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01157.2007.-It is commonly held that the respiratory system has ample capacity relative to the demand for maximal O 2 and CO2 transport in healthy humans exercising near sea level. However, this situation may not apply during heavy-intensity, sustained exercise where exercise may encroach on the capacity of the respiratory system. Nerve stimulation techniques have provided objective evidence that the diaphragm and abdominal muscles are susceptible to fatigue with heavy, sustained exercise. The fatigue appears to be due to elevated levels of respiratory muscle work combined with an increased competition for blood flow with limb locomotor muscles. When respiratory muscles are prefatigued using voluntary respiratory maneuvers, time to exhaustion during subsequent exercise is decreased. Partially unloading the respiratory muscles during heavy exercise using low-density gas mixtures or mechanical ventilation can prevent exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue and increase exercise time to exhaustion. Collectively, these findings suggest that respiratory muscle fatigue may be involved in limiting exercise tolerance or that other factors, including alterations in the sensation of dyspnea or mechanical load, may be important. The major consequence of respiratory muscle fatigue is an increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow to working skeletal muscle through a respiratory muscle metaboreflex, thereby reducing limb blood flow and increasing the severity of exerciseinduced locomotor muscle fatigue. An increase in limb locomotor muscle fatigue may play a pivotal role in determining exercise tolerance through a direct effect on muscle force output and a feedback effect on effort perception, causing reduced motor output to the working limb muscles. respiratory muscles; exercise; diaphragm; abdominals; magnetic stimulation; metaboreflex THE PURPOSE OF THIS MINIREVIEW is to address the question of whether the respiratory demands of exercise contribute significantly toward exercise limitation, either directly through limitations of the respiratory muscle pump or indirectly through effects on limb blood flow and locomotor muscle fatigue. We describe the mechanical and metabolic costs of meeting the ventilatory requirements of exercise. We then ask whether the respiratory muscles fatigue with exercise, what factors contribute to any such fatigue, and what the implications of these factors are for exercise tolerance. Finally, we deal with the potential mechanisms by which respiratory muscle fatigue could compromise exercise tolerance and whether it is possible to overcome this potential respiratory limitation. Our review focuses on the healthy young adult exercising near sea level. However, we also consider special circumstances that determine the balance between metabolic demand and respiratory system capacity in the highly trained endurance ...

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Section: Overcoming the Respiratory Limitations To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance

Romer

Polkey²

2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

261

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, there is no consensus about an optimal protocol to induce and assess the fatigability of the inspiratory muscles [3]. Although the ergogenic effect of respiratory muscle training (rMT) remains controversial [4][5][6], several recent well-controlled studies have shown that threshold inspiratory muscle training (IMT) [7][8][9][10], as well as voluntary normocapnic hyperpnoea training [10,11] can improve exercise performance in healthy subjects. In general, the functional capacity of the healthy human respiratory system, including the lung, chest wall, and neural control systems, exceeds the demands placed upon it during heavy exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Special training of inspiratory muscles in fitness activities and exercise capacity in young women

Мищенко¹,

Sawczyn²,

Cybulska³

et al. 2018

Hum Mov.

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Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine if an 8-week-long endurance fitness training with elastic belts would increase the strength-endurance of the inspiratory muscles and lung function characteristics, and to assess whether these changes were consistent with an increase in aerobic power and exercise capacity in healthy young women. Methods. Twenty-two females aged 20-25 years were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The experimental group preformed 8-week-long exercises on stationary bikes with an elastic belt on the lower part of the chest. The control group underwent the same workout, without elastic belts. Vital capacity, forced vital capacity, maximal voluntary ventilation, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure, physical activity status, and perceived exertion scores were measured. In the incremental exercise test, work capacity and maximal oxygen uptake were assessed. Tidal volume, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), VE/VO 2 , heart rate (Hr), and VO 2 /Hr were continuously monitored. The cycle performance at the power of the ventilatory threshold was evaluated on the following day. Results. The fitness training with elastic belts significantly improved the strength and strength-endurance of the inspiratory muscles, the functional cardio-respiratory capabilities, and aerobic work output. In the control group, the studied parameters were not significantly increased. Conclusions. Applying elastic belts to fitness endurance exercises improves the strength and strength-endurance of inspiratory muscles, cardio-respiratory capabilities, and aerobic power, which additionally raises aerobic work output in fitness training of young women.

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“…Inspiratory muscle training has been shown to improve performance during cycling and running time trials (km) (10, 20,22,34,38), but has shown mixed results for TTE tests (8,42).…”

Section: Imt and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose to re-examine the concept of IMT effects on hypoxic exercise performance by using a longer fixed distance TT in place of a shorter TTE trial because of the increased reliability (18, 28) and applicability to endurance performance (39). A 20km TT in hypoxia took our subjects approximately 30-40 minutes, compared to the 7-10 minutes that most subjects ran in the TTE trial in Downey et al Additionally, we selected cycling as the mode of exercise versus running, as used in Downey et al, because IMT has been shown to have more consistent, positive effects on cycling performance than running performance (20,34,42).…”

Section: Time Trial Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory Muscle Training and Endurance Performance in Hypoxia

Hursh

Wiggins

Bielko

et al. 2017

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Ventilation is higher at any submaximal workload in hypoxia as compared to normoxia. Whether or not training the respiratory muscles helps to improve exercise performance in hypoxia is unclear. Purpose: To determine if improvements in ventilatory strength with chronic inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves 20km cycling time trial (TT) performance in hypoxia (FIO2 = 16.1%). Methods: Thirteen highly-trained men were pair-matched based on pre-exercise values of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and randomly placed into either a sham (n = 5, V O2max = 61.7 ± 2.0 ml•kg -1 •min -1 ) or an IMT (n = 8, V O2max = 63.5 ± 3.4 ml•kg TT heart rate and SpO2 were unchanged in both groups post-training. Conclusion: In a small cohort, IMT-induced improvements in respiratory muscle strength which resulted in greater ventilation and oxygen uptake during a 20km time trial in hypoxia. IMT should be explored as a useful strategy for improving the quality of cycle exercise training and/or endurance exercise performance at altitude. Chapter I: IntroductionAthletes competing in a hypoxic environment experience a worsening of exercise performance. One of the main causes is a decline in arterial oxygenation which causes a decline in maximal oxygen consumption. The body compensates for the decline in arterial oxygenation by increasing ventilation, which increases work of breathing. During exercise in normoxia, it is estimated that the inspiratory muscles consume 10 to 15 percent of total body oxygen uptake (1).However, in hypoxia, the oxygen demand of the respiratory muscles increases an additional 20 to 30 percent (2). In response to an increase in work of breathing, the inspiratory muscles increase their oxygen supply by shunting blood away from the working muscle and to the inspiratory muscles (15). Therefore, this causes a decrease in locomotor muscle power production and increases the rate of fatigue.There have been many different theories and techniques used to attenuate the effects of altitude on exercise performance. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been shown to increase performance during a cycling time trial of 20 km or longer in a normoxic environment (20, 34). 7Interestingly, to our knowledge, there has only been one study examining the effects of IMT on performance in hypoxia. In this study by Downey et al., IMT increased oxygen diffusing capacity and arterial oxygen saturation while decreasing ventilation, cardiac output and inspiratory muscle fatigue during a treadmill time to exhaustion test (TTE) in hypoxia (8). Based on these results one would expect exercise performance in hypoxia to benefit from IMT, but there was no significant difference in the time to exhaustion test on a treadmill between the IMT and sham training groups. A lack of significant difference in exercise performance in hypoxia in the Downey et al. study may be due to the specific performance trial used not being robust enough to detect differences. The duration, for the experimental and control group, was 9.7 ± 1.5 min and 7.4 ± 1.2 m...

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Inspiratory muscle training fails to improve endurance capacity in athletes

Abstract: These results suggest that IMT significantly improves respiratory muscle strength and endurance. However, these improvements in respiratory muscle function are not transferable to VO2max or endurance exercise capacity as assessed at 85% VO2max in competitive athletes.

Cited by 80 publications

References 23 publications

Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance

Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance

Special training of inspiratory muscles in fitness activities and exercise capacity in young women

Inspiratory Muscle Training and Endurance Performance in Hypoxia

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