Inspiratory Stridor in Elite Athletes*

Rundell, Kenneth W.; Spiering, Barry A.

doi:10.1378/chest.123.2.468

Cited by 198 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…8 Pulmonary function values in health are also influenced by some unknown variables and there are wide ranges of normalcy. 9,10,11 Training improves physical working capacity. A trained sportsman has a resting bradycardia and a greater maximum O2 consumption ability (VO2max) but small percentages of athletes develop exercise induced bronchospasm and thereby reduced PFTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects Of Type Sports On Pulmonary Function Tests: A Comparative Study In Nepalese Settings

Mahotra

Shrestha

2013

J Nobel Med Coll

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Abstract:Introduction: Due to regular exercises, athletes tend to have an increase in pulmonary capacity when compared to non-exercising individuals. Intensity and severity of sports engaged in by the athletes probably determines the extent of strengthening of the inspiratory muscles with a resultant increase in the pulmonary functions.1, 2 So, this study has been carried out to establish a relationship between the type of sports and pulmonary functions in Nepalese athletes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects Of Type Sports On Pulmonary Function Tests: A Comparative Study In Nepalese Settings

Mahotra

Shrestha

2013

J Nobel Med Coll

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“…The prevalence is unknown as there are no large, prospective, population based studies [53]. An estimated 2 % to 3 % of the general population is affected [54] and some studies suggest that PVFMD occurs in up to 27 % of patients referred for EIB [55]. The overall prevalence of PVFMD in developmental and elite athletes is estimated to be 5.1 %, and, interestingly, the outdoor athlete group had a higher prevalence of 8.3 % compared with 2.5 % found in the indoor group [54].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An estimated 2 % to 3 % of the general population is affected [54] and some studies suggest that PVFMD occurs in up to 27 % of patients referred for EIB [55]. The overall prevalence of PVFMD in developmental and elite athletes is estimated to be 5.1 %, and, interestingly, the outdoor athlete group had a higher prevalence of 8.3 % compared with 2.5 % found in the indoor group [54]. It has been proposed that PVFMD is seen more commonly in sports requiring short high bursts of ventilation, such as sprinting, cycling, and ice hockey [8•].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that PVFMD is seen more commonly in sports requiring short high bursts of ventilation, such as sprinting, cycling, and ice hockey [8•]. It has also been shown to be more common females than males [54,56]. The proposed mechanism is that these higher ventilation bursts require breathing more through the mouth, resulting in cooler and drier air than can irritate the vocal cords [8•].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical exam findings are inconsistent in diagnosing PVFMD and flexible laryngoscopy is needed to visualize vocal fold movement to aid in the diagnosis [7••]. Patients with PVFMD show narrowing (adduction) of the vocal cords with both inspiration and expiration, however, there is more marked narrowing on exhalation [54,73,74]. Laryngoscopy can visualize vocal cord movement during regular breathing as well as provocative behaviors (Valsalva, odors, exercising) and then assess corrected motion after therapeutic breathing techniques have been demonstrated [7••].…”

Section: Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dyspneic athlete

Krey

Best

2014

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Breathing concerns in athletes are common and can be due to a wide variety of pathology. The most common etiologies are exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and paradoxic vocal fold movement disorder (PVFMD). Although some patients may have both, PVFMD is often misdiagnosed as EIB, which can lead to unnecessary treatment. The history and physical exam are important to rule out life threatening pulmonary and cardiac causes as well as common conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, sinusitis, and allergic etiologies. The history and physical exam have been shown to be not as vital in diagnosing EIB and PVFMD. Improvement in diagnostic testing with office base spirometry, bronchoprovocation testing, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) and video laryngoscopy are essential in properly diagnosing these conditions. Accurate diagnosis leads to proper management, which is essential to avoid unnecessary testing and save healthcare costs. Also important to the physician treating dyspnea in athletes is knowing regulations on medications, drug testing, and proper documentation needed for certain organizations. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea is broad and is not limited to EIB and PVFMD. Ruling out life threatening cardiac and pulmonary causes with a proper history, physical, and appropriate testing is essential. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature on the diagnosis and management of EIB and PVFMD as well as discuss other potential causes for dyspnea in the athlete.

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