“…For this reason, Zilsel argued, it was 'the artisans, the mariners, shipbuilders, carpenters, foundrymen, and miners (who) were, no doubt, the real pioneers of empirical observations, experimentation and causal research' (Zilsel, 2000). Zilsel's thesis was destined to exert an enormous historiographical influence; similar lines of thought are clearly visible throughout the work of succeeding generations of historians of science, such as Paolo Rossi,1 or Reijier Hooykaas, who suggested that the emancipation of the Bhurger class in the early Renaissance helped ennoble manual work, making possible the 'co-operation of artificers and scholars (which) led to a rapid development and refinement of the experimental method' (Hooykaas, 1972, p. 92). Among contemporary historians, the most recent statement of this view appears in the work of Pamela Long, who reaffirms the Zilsel thesis by arguing that the exchange of ideas between artisans and humanists in Renaissance Italy led to a wider cultural acceptance of empirical values that formed one of the important foundations upon which the new experimental sciences would develop (Long, 2011, p. 130).…”