Abstract:The Hamiltonian of optical fields in a nonlinear dispersive fiber is studied. Quantum field fluctuations are spontaneously created close to an optical event horizon through the analog Hawking effect. The simplest model is considered for an optical black‐hole laser, where the Hawking radiation is produced and amplified inside a cavity formed by two horizons: a black hole and a white hole. It is found that resonant Hawking radiation originates from a discrete set of instabilities and tunnels out of the horizons.… Show more
“…This dispersion relation is the same as that of the optical fiber in which the black hole laser is considered 17 . Thus, our proposed circuit can be regarded as a circuit version of an optical fiber 17 , 21 at the nanometer scale. Figure 2 Sketch of ( a ) the phase soliton with the amplitude A , ( b ) the electric field with the amplitude , and ( c ) the cavity formed by the single dark soliton with the amplitude .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our system equipped with both the desired normal dispersion supporting pair-propagating modes and a Kerr effect is expected to be a circuit version of black hole lasers in optical fibers 17 , 21 . Here we briefly review the black hole laser in an optical fiber as an example and reorganize the key parameters appropriate for our system.…”
A black hole laser in analogues of gravity amplifies Hawking radiation, which is unlikely to be measured in real black holes, and makes it observable. There have been proposals to realize such black hole lasers in various systems. However, no progress has been made in electric circuits for a long time, despite their many advantages such as high-precision electromagnetic wave detection. Here we propose a black hole laser in Josephson transmission lines incorporating metamaterial elements capable of producing Hawking-pair propagation modes and a Kerr nonlinearity due to the Josephson nonlinear inductance. A single dark soliton obeying the nonlinear Schrödinger equation produces a black hole-white hole horizon pair that acts as a laser cavity through a change in the refractive index due to the Kerr effect. We show that the resulting laser is a squeezed-state laser characterized by squeezing parameters. We also evaluate the degree of quantum correlation between Hawking and its partner radiations using entanglement entropy which does not require simultaneous measurements between them. As a result, the obtained entanglement entropy depending on the soliton velocity provides strong evidence that the resulting laser is derived from Hawking radiation with quantum correlation generated by pair production from the vacuum.
“…This dispersion relation is the same as that of the optical fiber in which the black hole laser is considered 17 . Thus, our proposed circuit can be regarded as a circuit version of an optical fiber 17 , 21 at the nanometer scale. Figure 2 Sketch of ( a ) the phase soliton with the amplitude A , ( b ) the electric field with the amplitude , and ( c ) the cavity formed by the single dark soliton with the amplitude .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our system equipped with both the desired normal dispersion supporting pair-propagating modes and a Kerr effect is expected to be a circuit version of black hole lasers in optical fibers 17 , 21 . Here we briefly review the black hole laser in an optical fiber as an example and reorganize the key parameters appropriate for our system.…”
A black hole laser in analogues of gravity amplifies Hawking radiation, which is unlikely to be measured in real black holes, and makes it observable. There have been proposals to realize such black hole lasers in various systems. However, no progress has been made in electric circuits for a long time, despite their many advantages such as high-precision electromagnetic wave detection. Here we propose a black hole laser in Josephson transmission lines incorporating metamaterial elements capable of producing Hawking-pair propagation modes and a Kerr nonlinearity due to the Josephson nonlinear inductance. A single dark soliton obeying the nonlinear Schrödinger equation produces a black hole-white hole horizon pair that acts as a laser cavity through a change in the refractive index due to the Kerr effect. We show that the resulting laser is a squeezed-state laser characterized by squeezing parameters. We also evaluate the degree of quantum correlation between Hawking and its partner radiations using entanglement entropy which does not require simultaneous measurements between them. As a result, the obtained entanglement entropy depending on the soliton velocity provides strong evidence that the resulting laser is derived from Hawking radiation with quantum correlation generated by pair production from the vacuum.
“…This dispersion relation is the same as that of the optical fiber in which the black hole laser is considered 16 . Thus, our proposed circuit can be regarded as a circuit version of an optical fiber 16,20 at the nanometer scale.…”
Section: Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Our system equipped with both the desired normal dispersion supporting pair-propagating modes and a Kerr effect is expected to be a circuit version of black hole lasers in optical fibers 16,20 . Here we briefly review the black hole laser in an optical fiber as an example and reorganize the key parameters appropriate for our system.…”
A black hole laser in analogues of gravity amplifies Hawking radiation, which is unlikely to be measured in real black holes, and makes it observable. There have been proposals to realize such black hole lasers. However, no progress has been made in electric circuits. Here we propose an optical analogue black hole laser in Josephson transmission lines incorporating metamaterial elements capable of producing Hawking-pair propagation modes and a Kerr nonlinearity due to the Josephson nonlinear inductance. A single dark soliton obeying the nonlinear Schrodinger equation produces a black hole-white hole horizon pair that acts as a laser cavity through a change in the refractive index due to the Kerr effect. We show that the resulting laser is a squeezed-state laser derived from Hawking radiation and then characterized by squeezing parameters related to Hawking temperatures depending on the soliton velocity. We also evaluate the degree of quantum correlation using entanglement entropy.
“…In this way, the quantity of Hawking radiation exceeds the spontaneous emission. This process was first suggested in the context of black hole lasing, in which the partner particles are reflected from an inner horizon deep inside the analogue black hole, and become the superluminal particles, which then stimulate additional Hawking/partner pairs [5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”
Stimulated Hawking radiation in an analogue black hole in a Bose-Einstein condensate was reported seven years ago, and it was claimed that the stimulation was of the black hole lasing variety. The study was based on observation of rapidly-growing negative-energy waves. We find that the Hawking particles are directly observable in the experimental plots, which confirms the stimulated Hawking radiation. We further verify this result with new measurements. Also, the observed Hawking particles provide a sensitive, background-free probe of the underlying mechanism of the stimulation. The experiment inspired the prediction of the Bogoliubov-Cherenkov-Landau (BCL) mechanism of stimulated Hawking radiation. By computing the Bogoliubov coefficient for Hawking radiation, we find that the stimulation was of the BCL type, rather than black-hole lasing. We further confirm the results with numerical simulations of both black hole lasing and BCL stimulation.
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