“…13) showed an open crater and the dimensionless strength ratio at the trailing end of the embedded DEPLA follower, s u /c 0 d ¼ 6.9 (where d is the diameter of the DEPLA sleeve and c 0 is the effective unit weight of the soil), which is sufficient to maintain an open cavity above the follower O'Beirne et al 2015). Values for the drag coefficient, C d , were determined from the free fall in the water phase of the tests, which gave an average C d ¼ 0.7 (Blake and O'Loughlin 2015). The strain rate parameter was taken as b ¼ 0.08, which is typical of that measured in variable rate penetrometer testing (Low et al 2008;Lehane et al 2009) and approximates to an 18 % change in strength per log cycle change in strain rate, typical of that measured in laboratory testing (e.g., Vaid and Campenella 1977;Graham et al 1983;Lefebvre and LeBoeuf 1987).…”