Installation of XLPE-Insulated 400 kV Submarine AC Power Cables under the Dardanelles Strait: A 4 GW Turkish Grid Reinforcement

Benato, Roberto; Balanuye, I.; Ozan, Nurhan; Ozdemirci, E.

doi:10.3390/en11010164

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The techniques used for burial (e.g. jetting, ploughing, cutting) and depths of burial obtained are dependent on the seabed type and the type of fishing activity in the area [34]. A Burial Protection Index takes account of these factors and guides the most suitable burial depth [27,34,35].…”

Section: Cable Burial Does Not Eliminate the Emitted Emfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…jetting, ploughing, cutting) and depths of burial obtained are dependent on the seabed type and the type of fishing activity in the area [34]. A Burial Protection Index takes account of these factors and guides the most suitable burial depth [27,34,35]. However, a balance of mitigating risk to the cable and achieving economical burial may result in variable target burial depths [27](e.g.…”

Section: Cable Burial Does Not Eliminate the Emitted Emfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development

et al. 2021

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Section: Cable Burial Does Not Eliminate the Emitted Emfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cable Burial Does Not Eliminate the Emitted Emfmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development

et al. 2021

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“…Table 1 shows the typical HV submarine cables and their applications [26][27][28]. Optical fibers are integrated into the cable for monitoring, such as cable temperature, cable strain, even for cable fault detection and the location [1].…”

Section: Submarine Cables Used In Power Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of submarine cables used in high‐voltage power transmission: Characteristics, mechanisms, key issues and prospects

Wang

Yan

et al. 2021

IET Generation Trans & Dist

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This study reviews the failure of high-voltage submarine cables used in offshore power transmission and provides highlights of their failure characteristic, mechanisms, key issues and prospects. High-voltage submarine cables are designed and applied according to the high-voltage alternating current and high-voltage direct current requirements. Inevitably, the fault occurs in HV submarine cables that is different from that of an underground cable. External aggression remains the primary cause of faults, such as fishing and anchors. Most faults continue to occur at a shallow depth (300 m). The optical fiber inside the submarine cables plays a substantial role in the temperature and stress-strain monitoring and diagnosis. However, it is regarded as a weak point for electrical fault. Insulation breakdown is the leading reason for the short fault. The failure mechanism is complicated when associated with marine conditions. Some defects of insulation and extensive voids, water treeing, mechanical stress, partial discharges, overheating, and electrochemical erosion contribute to the insulation breakdown. Several key issues, including anchoring damage, treeing, defects, and thermal-electric ageing, are proposed. Prospects and new methods related to the cable failure, especially for insulation ageing by treeing and electrothermal effects, are also discussed. INTRODUCTIONSubmarine cables are widely used for new energy power systems in marine environments, such as offshore wind, wave, and solar power transmission applications, and as a power supply to remote areas [1-2]. High-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) are the main types of power transmissions by submarine cables [1,3]. Currently, submarine cables with long distances and high voltage carry high electric power between countries and offshore installations, such as oil/gas platforms and offshore wind farms [4][5][6]. Three-core submarine cable or three single submarine cables are employed for HVAC transmission. HVAC technology is simple and has high availability, but it lacks power control and requires reactive compensation [3,7]. Besides, it has a limited distance for high power transmission with high effi-This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) material was found to be the best solution for these systems, as it has a high dielectric strength, low dielectric permittivity, and low electrical resistivity compared to other dielectric materials [7]. Based on its satisfactory characteristics for HVAC applications [8], in the last decades this dielectric material has also been used in HVDC systems [9][10][11][12]. Unfortunately, due to the physical and chemical structure of XLPE material, under a constant DC stress, the space charge accumulation phenomenon is strongly present [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Industrial Applicability of PEA Space Charge Measurements, for Performance Optimization of HVDC Power Cables

et al. 2019

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Cable manufacturing industries are constantly trying to improve the electrical performance of power cables. During the years, it was found that one of the most relevant degradation factors influencing the cable lifetime is the presence of space charge in the insulation layer. To detect the accumulated charge, the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method is the most used technique. Despite the wide use of the PEA cell, several issues are still present. In particular, the PEA output signal is strongly disturbed by the acoustic waves reflections within the PEA cell. This causes the distortion of the output signal and therefore the misinterpretation of the charge profiles. This, in turn, may result in an incorrect cable characterization from the space charge phenomenon point of view. In 2017, due to the proved degradation effect of the space charge accumulation phenomenon, the IEEE Std 1732 was developed. This standard describes the steps to be followed for the space charge measurement in cables specimens during pre-qualification or type tests. Therefore, cable manufacturing industries started to take a particular interest in these measures. In the light of this, the aim of the present work is to highlight that the enacted standard is not easily applicable since various problems are still present in the PEA method for cables. In particular, in this work, the effect of multiple reflected signals due to the different interfaces involved, but also the effect of the signal attenuation due to cable dielectric thickness, as well as the effect of the PEA cell ground electrode thickness in the output charge profile, are reported. These issues have been demonstrated by means of an experimental test carried out on a full-size cable in the Prysmian Group High Voltage laboratory. To better understand the PEA cell output signal formation, a PEA cell model was developed in a previous work and it has been experimentally validated here. In particular, simulations have been useful to highlight the effect of the reflection phenomena due to the PEA cell ground electrode thickness on the basis of the specimen under test features. Moreover, by analyzing the simulation results, it was possible to separate the main signal from the reflected waves and, in turn, to calculate the suitable ground electrode thickness for the cable specimen under test.

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Installation of XLPE-Insulated 400 kV Submarine AC Power Cables under the Dardanelles Strait: A 4 GW Turkish Grid Reinforcement

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development

A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development

Failure of submarine cables used in high‐voltage power transmission: Characteristics, mechanisms, key issues and prospects

The Industrial Applicability of PEA Space Charge Measurements, for Performance Optimization of HVDC Power Cables

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