‘Instinctive Genius’:

Goldsworthy, Adrian

doi:10.2307/j.ctvvn9jz.13

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“… 13 Goldsworthy 1998; Gambash 2015, 62-4, 66 (quote: 63); Kreiner 2020, 276 n. 7, 302–3. Responses to revolts rarely, if ever, involved concentrating the whole forces of a province, regardless of how stripped bare it may have been (such as Britain under Bolanus), because the concentrations of forces within a province could present opportunities for other populations to rise up in an army's rear.…”

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Unit Levies after the Batavian Revolt and the Conquest of Northern Britannia

Kreiner

2023

Britannia

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In the Early Flavian Period over 30 military units were created or transferred for service in Britannia. Paul Holder maintained that these units arrived with Petillius Cerialis for Vespasian's expansionist plans and connected several new levies to the Batavian Revolt. Considering recent scholarship on Roman responses to revolts and Flavian geopolitics, however, this viewpoint requires revision. The author maintains that these units were transferred throughout the 70s c.e. as opportunities developed organically in Britannia. These newly levied units were not created in response to the Batavian Revolt, but due to the extraordinary and complex circumstances within Rome's northern frontiers after the post-Neronian civil wars. This article concludes with updated histories for the auxiliary units involved.

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Unit Levies after the Batavian Revolt and the Conquest of Northern Britannia

Kreiner

2023

Britannia

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2006

A Companion to the Roman Republic

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Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

Kreiner¹

2021

Journal of Ancient History

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In 21 CE, a series of localized movements broke out in Gallia Comata due to heavy debts among provincials according to Tacitus. Modern scholars have long argued that the indebtedness occurred because of rising interest rates, resulting from dwindling currency in circulation after decades of free-spending following Augustus’ victory at Actium, and that Gallic communities were subjected to an additional tribute to support the wars of Germanicus (14–16 CE), which continued unabated after the wars and pushed Gauls beyond their means. These claims are misguided, however, in that there is no certain evidence of a special tax to support Germanicus’ wars and that the argument for a dwindling circulation of currency in Gaul falters under closer inspection. Rather, the pressing statal and military needs imposed on communities in Gallia Comata after 9 CE on top of routine exactions could significantly increase burden levels levied on provincial populations, thus contributing to rising debts. Through examining how Roman logistics and conscription operated in this period, it is possible to trace how populations were impacted by such demands and which communities were most heavily affected by them, too. Individually, the impact of each factor is unlikely to have been burdensome enough to have caused large-scale resistance, it is only the cumulative effect that these explanations had on top of routine Roman extraction schemes that could create the conditions for this revolt. This paper argues that in extraordinary circumstances, such as the period after the Varian Disaster for Gallia Comata, the costs of supporting military campaigns places real short-term strains on local economies, which creates the conditions for revolt. The benefit of this approach is that it may explain other episodes of anti-fiscal resistance that broke out during or within a decade of wars in neighboring regions.

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‘Instinctive Genius’:

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Unit Levies after the Batavian Revolt and the Conquest of Northern Britannia

Unit Levies after the Batavian Revolt and the Conquest of Northern Britannia

Bibliography

Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

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