Institutional Environment for Entrepreneurship in Russia

Abstract

The paper examines the current state of Russia’s entrepreneurial institutional environment built on W.R. Scott’s concept of a three-dimentinal institutional environment (regulatory, normative, and cognitive). The study aims to evaluate the perception of these three dimensions by three groups of respondents: entrepreneurs, non-entrepreneurs and those with entrepreneurial intentions, including the assessment of value profiles of these groups using Schwartz’s value inventory. The results of the study support the assumption that the three groups of respondents have different perceptions of institutional environment, and also suggest that value priorities differ depending on individuals’ entrepreneurial activity or intentions. Specifically, for current or former entrepreneurs self-sufficiency is of much higher value than security.

Noble Metal Speciations in Hydrothermal Sulphides

“…For the VMS deposits of the Urals, the Z-shaped variation of native gold composition (Figure 30) probably reflects the continuous-discrete character of the Au-Ag solid solution. The presence of possible miscibility gaps in this binary system was discussed in [106,123,124]. Independent mineral phases with contrasting compositions were clearly recorded in the Ag-rich zone [123].…”

“…In [124], species with Ag < 25 wt% are referred to the zone of stable solid solutions, but at least two phases (Au 3 Ag and AuAg) are believed to be present in the Ag-depleted zone. According to [106], the existence of the Au 2 Ag compound is the most probable in nature. Our data obviously confirm these assumptions, although the occurrence frequency of electrum (AuAg) in the VMS deposits of the Urals is lower than that of Au 3 Ag and Au 2 Ag.…”

“…Characterising native Au-Ag solid solution, we adhere to the terminology adopted in early publications [106,107]: native silver, Ag1.0Au0.0-Ag0.94Au0.06 (0-100‰); küstelite, In the VMS deposits of the Urals, native gold forms gra of about 1-50 μm and up to 150 μm. Larger grains are rar ranges from 340 to 900 for slightly transformed deposits an metamorphosed deposits (Figures 28b and 30 In the VMS deposits of the Urals, native gold forms grains and aggregates with size of about 1-50 µm and up to 150 µm.…”

“…Most of our gas vapour transport and sa experiments led to the formation of pure cubic sphalerite. The existence of minor am of würtzite in sphalerite crystals, probably arising due to the changes in the s Characterising native Au-Ag solid solution, we adhere to the terminology adopted in early publications [106,107]: native silver, Ag 1.0 Au 0.0 -Ag 0.94 Au 0.06 (0-100‰); küstelite, Ag 0.94 Au 0.06 -Ag 0.85 Au 0.15 (100-250‰); electrum, Ag 0.85 Au 0.15 -Ag 0.44 Au 0.56 (250-700‰); highfineness gold, Ag 0.44 Au 0.56 -Ag 0.0 Au 1.0 (700-1000‰). Native gold with fineness ~780-860 is commonly dominated in VMS deposits of the Urals (Figure 30), but more low-fineness gold is found in some VMS deposits of the Urals, the Galka, for example (fineness ~640-720).…”

The Gold Mineralization of the Baranyevskoe Au-Ag Epithermal Deposit in Central Kamchatka

“…Two hundred grains of gold from different zones and areas of the Baranyevskoe deposit were analyzed. The complete Au-Ag solid solution are subdivided, according to [30] into native gold-up to 30 atomic (at.) % of Ag (fineness 1000-700‱), electrum (fineness 700-300‱), "küstelite" (mineral not approved by International Mineralogical Association) with fineness 300-100‱, and Au-containing silver (fineness 100-0‱).…”