Surface irrigation has been predominantly used for field crops in
agriculture area to boost agricultural yields and outputs, however, this
may also raise groundwater tables, salinize soils and reduce water
quality due to poor irrigation management. Therefore, it is essential
for requiring a better understanding of the hydrologic mechanisms
related to soil water fluxes (e.g., evaporation, transpiration,
infiltration, deep percolation and groundwater capillary rise) by
surface irrigation. This study investigated the impact of surface
irrigation on soil water movement and recharge to groundwater in the
Yellow River irrigation area of Yinchuan Plain, China. Combining
comprehensive filed observation and stable isotopic techniques, we
described the soil water mechanism under two land covers (bare ground or
maize) in 2019 and 2020. The soil depths affected by precipitation
infiltration and evaporation were mainly 0-50 cm, while the soil
influenced by irrigation was the entire profile in the mode of piston
flow. According to soil water potential variation from 70 to 100 cm, we
conclude that the maize root took up the soil water up to the depth of
100 cm during the tasseling period. The infiltration and capillary rise
in 2020 were similar with those in 2019. However, the total deep
percolation was 156.6 mm in 2020 which was smaller than that in 2019
because of the maize root water uptake. The leakage of ditch was the
major recharge resource of groundwater for the fast water table rise.
This study is critical for agricultural water management to improve
irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency in arid regions.