Institutions Quality and Shadow Economy in Developing Countries: the Role of Women's Civil Liberties

Njoya, Loudi

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3990280

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…A country's shadow economy is commonly defined as “…all economic activities which contribute to the officially calculated (or observed) Gross National Product but are currently unregistered” (Schneider & Enste, 1999, p. 5). As Njoya et al (2021) describe, greater female political empowerment serves to enhance the quality of a country's institutions by lessening corruption and shrinking the size of the shadow economy. Hence, we argue that greater female political representation also has an indirect effect on reducing arms risk by reducing the size of the shadow economies where these weapons are illicitly traded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arms Risk: The Role of Female Political Representation

DiRienzo

Das

2023

International Criminal Justice Review

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There are approximately one billion small arms and light weapons (SALW)—rifles, pistols, and light machine guns—circulating throughout the globe, many of which are in the “wrong hands” meaning that they are in the possession of criminals, terrorists, and/or extremists. We hypothesize that greater female political representation has both a direct and an indirect effect on arms risk, or the risk that SALW fall into the “wrong hands.” We contend that greater female political representation directly reduces arms risk as female politicians are more likely to support SALW regulation. Further, greater female political representation indirectly effects arms risk by mitigating conditions necessary for the illicit trade of SALW. Using a causal mediation analysis and a cross-country dataset, we offer empirical evidence that greater female political representation has both a direct and indirect effect in reducing a country's arms risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%