Instructions for Patients.

Moser, Robert H.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1969.00300140117027

Cited by 2 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Zn-Sn-Cd-Pb (1) Experimental details have been discussed in preceding papers (6,7). Measurements were made with zinc mole fractions of Xzn ----0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.1 and tin and cadmium mole fractions varying between 0.01 and 0.1 in the temperature range 714~176 For any given concentration, the experimental emf vs. temperature was found to be adequately described by a linear relationship, and the experimental data were fitted to such a relationship by the method of least squares.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V203 and VO2 were prepared according to the method given by Brauer (7). A method similar to that described by Holtzberg et aI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present paper the value of eiJ~4 was determined, and also the behavior of the Zn-Pb system requires that eZn zn ~ 0. Equation [7] with inclusion of both first-and second order interaction parameter represents what was referred to in the beginning of this paper as Wagner's model II. Neglect of second-order interaction terms shortens Eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neglect of second-order interaction terms shortens Eq. [7] to in 7i ----in 7i ~ + Xiei i -~-XjlsiJ1 @ Xj2eiJ2 [8] which represents what was referred to as Wagner's model I.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Studies of Dilute Zinc Solutions in the Zn‐Sn‐Cd‐Pb System at High Lead Concentrations

Moser

Zakulski

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The activity coefficients of zinc were measured in the concentration range 0.03 < Xzn < 0.1 at temperatures in the range 714~176 for lead-rich alloys in the quaternary system Zn-Sn-Cd-Pb with tin and cadmium mole fractions limited to 0.01 < Xsa < 0.1 and 0.01 < Xcd < 0.1. Measurements were of emf of concentration cells. Experimental values of in 7zn were compared with values obtained from the Krupkowski formalism and from the Wagner formalism. In the latter instance two sets of values were generated, one set considering first-order interactions only and the other set considering both firstand second-order interactions. The comparisons show that the experimental data are reasonably described by both the Krupkowski approach and the Wagner approach with first-order interactions only. However, less satisfactory accord is obtained after inclusion of second-order interactions in the Wagner equations. The present results show that in the quaternary system strong negative self-interaction parameters, ~Znzn which lead to marked positive deviations from Raoult's law in the Zn-Pb binary system also lead to negative zinc-cadmium and zinc-tin interaction parameters in the quaternary system. This is in accord with earlier results on ternary systems.Determination of thermodynamic properties of dilute multicomponent systems is of interest from an industrial point of view but is also of fundamental interest in defining the predictability of sol~te-solute interaction parameters on the basis of a solute-solvent reference interaction. In this study the reference can be taken as a binary solution showing only strong positive deviations from ideal behavior. In a previous investigation (1) it was shown that in the case of ternary solutions where one binary pair exhibits extensive deviation from Raoult's law, the deviation influences in a predictable manner the thermodynamic properties of the ternary system. Zinc and lead form liquid solutions with strong deviations from Raoult's law. It has been experimentally demonstrated that negative values for interaction parameters eMezn Occur in ternary Zn-Me-Pb solutions where Me ~ Bi, Sb, Cd, Sn, and In. In all these Zn-Me binary systems a much smaller departure from ideality is observed than in the Zn-Pb system, and the original properties of Zn-Pb solutions are a decisive factor in the determination of the sign of the ternary interaction parameters eMezn.The main purposes of the present investigation were to find whether or not the strong negative self-interaction parameter, eZnzn ~. 0 in the Zn-Pb binary system is also decisive in quaternary solutions, to determine the influence of tin and cadmium additions on zinc activity, and finally to test Krupkowski's (2) and Wagner's (3) formalisms with experimental data. In Krupkowski's formalism the thermodynamic functions of a multicomponent system are evaluated from the activity coefficients of the constituent binary systems. Wagner's series expansion which represents the logarithm of the zinc activity coefficient as a sum of interaction parameter...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V203 and VO2 were prepared according to the method given by Brauer (7). A method similar to that described by Holtzberg et aI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neglect of second-order interaction terms shortens Eq. [7] to in 7i ----in 7i ~ + Xiei i -~-XjlsiJ1 @ Xj2eiJ2 [8] which represents what was referred to as Wagner's model I.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thermodynamic Studies of Dilute Zinc Solutions in the Zn‐Sn‐Cd‐Pb System at High Lead Concentrations

Moser

Zakulski

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…As results from Eq. [6] and [7] the function ~(T) and m should be determined from experimental results. Usually for this purpose the data at concentrations Xk ----0.1-0.9 mole fraction are used.…”

Section: Application Of Krupkowski's Methods In the Thermodynamic Analmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

Moser

Zakulski

1975

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The thermodynamic properties of liquid dilute zinc solutions at a lead concentration of Xpb ----0.01-0.7 molar fraction were determined by means of emf measurements of concentration cells. These investigations combined with previous analogical experiments at a tin concentration ot Xsn ----0.01-0.1 molar fraction enabled the calculation of ternary interaction parameters czn Pb and eznS~ from plots (in ~zn)xz,r~o vs. Xpb. For the binary end-points on the plots in 7 vs. X and (In ~ ) vs. X separate measurements were carried Zn Pb Zn XZ n---> 0 Pb out for Zn-Sn and Zn-Pb systems at concentrations up to 0.1 molar fraction of zinc. Experimental results were interpreted by means of Krupkowski's formalism and attempts were made to calculate eZn Pb and ezn sn On the basis of limiting values of activity coefficients of components of binary systems Zn-Sn, Zn-Pb, and Pb-Sn.Initiated several years ago, experimental investigations on dilute binary and ternary liquid metal solutions by the emf method of concentration ceils have several aims. First of all, from the experimental point of view it was necessary to adjust the concentration range where the emf method of concentration cells gives satisfactory results. It was shown that experiments on zinc alloys at a concentration of Xz, ----0.01-0.1 molar fraction give results associated with considerable error, in the case of alloys like Zn-Cd (1), Zn-In (2), and Zn-Ga (3) with components which are close in position to zinc in the electromotive series. This is the result of side reactions between ZnC12 from the electrolyte and cadmium, indium, gallium from the alloy electrode, respectively. As a result, when composite binaries show side reactions, experiments in the ternary systems (4) were not carried out at the lowest concentration, Xzn = 0.01 mole fraction. The binary systems influence the thermodynamic behavior in ternary systems, especially when they show considerable deviations from Raoult's law. For example the Zn-Pb system with marked positive deviations, plays a decisive role in investigations on ternary systems when small amounts of a third component (Bi,Sb,In, and Cd) are added (4). The present measurements on the Zn-Pb-Sn ternary system fit this pattern. The analysis of the plots (In Vzn)xz,.~0 vs. X i (where i is component 2 or 3 of the investigated ternary) have shown that the direction and magnitude of deviation from linear dependence is directly connected with properties of the 2-3 system without zinc (4). The aim of the present paper is the determination of ternary interaction parameters eZn Pb and Ezn sn from experimental data from plots (ln 7z )Xz,_~0 vs. Xpb. These plots were obtained by combining the results from a previous paper (5) at Xsn ~ 0.01-0.1 with the data presented in this paper at XVD ----0.01-0.7 mole fraction. Some attempts were carried out also to calculate both ezn rb and ,za sn from the limiting values of the activity coefficients of the composite binaries. ExperimentalExperiments were carried out over the temperature range 714~176 by means of co...

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Instructions for Patients.

Cited by 2 publications

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Thermodynamic Studies of Dilute Zinc Solutions in the Zn‐Sn‐Cd‐Pb System at High Lead Concentrations

Thermodynamic Studies of Dilute Zinc Solutions in the Zn‐Sn‐Cd‐Pb System at High Lead Concentrations

Interaction Parameters in the Zn‐Pb‐Sn System at Low Zinc Concentration

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