Instrument inferences and verb schemata

Dosher, Barbara Anne; Corbett, Albert T.

doi:10.3758/bf03202435

Cited by 93 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Whitney's (1986) dissertation extended this work to anaphoric reference. Priming with atypically biasing sentences led to interference in color naming for atypical words, whereas priming with typically biasing sentences led to facilitation for typical words, the latter reminiscent of Dosher and Corbett's (1982) finding. Clearly, word meaning matters; even noncolor words can produce (or increase) interference--or even facilitation--under suitable priming conditions.…”

Section: Semantic Variation and The Irrelevant Wordmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Merrill et al concluded that good comprehenders encode words with reference to an entire sentence's meaning, whereas poor comprehenders encode the words as distinct units. Dosher and Corbett (1982) examined whether sentences like "The man swept the floor" activated relevant instruments (e.g., broom). If so, then broom should interfere with naming its color of print.…”

Section: Semantic Variation and The Irrelevant Wordmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,775

165

3,607

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The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

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Section: Semantic Variation and The Irrelevant Wordmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Semantic Variation and The Irrelevant Wordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,775

165

3,607

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Inthe same paper, Burt found facilitation ofcolor naming when primes were identical to targets (but see McClain, 1983). Facilitation of color naming also has been reported in sentencepriming studies in which subjects covertly generated the target word upon sentence presentation (Dosher & Corbett, 1982;Whitney, 1986). In the literature on processing biases in anxiety disorders and phobias, facilitation of color naming has been observed, a result that contrasts with the typical result of retardation of color naming to threat words (Mathews & C. MacLeod, 1985;Mogg, Mathews, & Weinman, 1989;Watts, McKenna, Sharrock, & Trezise, 1986).…”

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confidence: 59%

Associative priming in color naming: interference and facilitation

Burt

1999

Memory & Cognition

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In Experiment 1, color-naming interference for target stimuli following associated primes was greater in a group making a lexical decision to the prime than in a group reading the prime silently.Highfrequency targets were responded to more quickly than low-frequency targets, In Experiment 2, with subjects naming the prime, there was evidence of associative interference when the prime and the target were grouped temporally but not when the intertrial interval was comparable with the prime-target interval. Associative primes presented at a short (120-msec)prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony facilitated color naming in Experiment 3. Taken together, the results suggest that the effect of faster processing of the base word in a color-naming task is facilitatory and that color-naming priming interference arises when associative prime processing increases conflict between word and color responses by enhancing phonological or articulatory activation of the base word.The Stroop color-naming interference effect (see the review by C. M. MacLeod, 1991;Stroop, 1935) demonstrates a failure of selective attention, in that subjects asked to name the color ofa word's print are unable to ignore the incongruent information provided, for example, by the word blue in red lettering. The tendency of skilled readers to read the word (hereafter termed the base word), even when asked to ignore it, was exploited in a noncolor word version ofthe Stroop test by Warren (1972Warren ( , 1974, who used color-naming latencies as indices ofthe effects of variables on visual word recognition. Because word reading is not required for color naming, effects on colornaming latencies in the noncolor word Stroop are assumed to be uncontaminated by strategies directed toward identification of the base word (cf. Tanenhaus, Flanigan, & Seidenberg, 1980). This is a significant advantage of the noncolor word Stroop task as a tool for investigating lexical access in visual word recognition, in light of the evidence for the effects of various task-specific strategies that may qualify the interpretation ofdata from lexical decision (e.g., Balota & Chumbley, 1984) and naming tasks (Andrews, 1989). However, there are several findings that cast doubt on the traditional interpretation ofcolor-naming latencies in the noncolor word Stroop task. The purpose of the present work was to clarify the interpretation of this task in relation to associative priming.The results of Experiment 2 were presented at the Twenty-second Experimental Psychology Conference at Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 1995. The research was supported by a University of Queensland Special Projects Grant. Part of the data for Experiment 2 were collected by Susan Ryan for a psychology undergraduate. project. I thank Bob Lorch for guidance beyond expectations, Veronica Dark and an anonymous reviewer for helpful feedback on earlier versions of the paper, and Karin Humphreys for data collection. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to 1. S. Burt, School of Psychology, University of Q...

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“…There is precedent in the literature for inferences being made in paragraphs, rather than in simple sentences. Although readers do not appear to spontaneously infer the instruments implied by actions in simple sentences (Dosher & Corbett, 1982;Singer, 1979), such inferences are made in some longer contexts in which they aid sentence integration (McKoon & Ratcliff, 1981). Because integrating information from two sentences is easier if the antecedent information is specific rather than general (Garrod & Sanford, 1977), instantiation may be useful in sentence integration.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing category terms in context: Instantiations as inferences

Whitney

1986

Memory & Cognition

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Instrument inferences and verb schemata

Cited by 93 publications

References 40 publications

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

Associative priming in color naming: interference and facilitation

Processing category terms in context: Instantiations as inferences

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