Marnef, Antwerp in the Age of Reformation, p. 159. 2 Th e key facts about Vondel go back to the fi rst biography, published in 1682: Brandt, Het leven van Joost van den Vondel. Modern biographies include Barnouw, Vondel (in English) and Calis, Vondel: het verhaal van zijn leven (which includes an extensive bibliography). An excellent overview of his life and work can be found in Smits-Veldt and Spies, 'Inleiding' . For facts about Vondel I rely mainly on Calis.