Instrumental and chemometric analysis of opiates via gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC-VUV)

Roberson, Zackery R.; Gordon, Heather C.; Goodpaster, John V.

doi:10.1007/s00216-019-02337-5

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Conversely, the identification and structural characterization of adulterants was primarily conducted via two-step analysis by mass spectrometry and subsequently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [ 24 , 33 , 36 ]. Capillary electrophoresis and electrochemical methods are also available [ 14 , 23 , 27 , 36 , 37 ], but the gold standard are hyphenated techniques based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy [ 12 , 15 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances

Trana

Berardinelli

Montanari

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Adulteration is a well-known practice of drug manufacturers at different stages of drug production. The intentional addition of active ingredients to adulterate the primary drug may enhance or mask pharmacological effects or may produce more potent drugs to increase the number of available doses and the dealer’s profit. Adulterants found in different drugs change over time in response to different factors. A systematic literature search in PubMed and Scopus databases and official international organizations’ websites according to PRISMA guidelines was performed. A total of 724 studies were initially screened, with 145 articles from PubMed and 462 from Scopus excluded according to the criteria described in the method section. The remaining 117 records were further assessed for eligibility to exclude articles without sufficient data. Finally, 79 studies were classified as “non-biological” (n = 35) or “biological” (n = 35 case reports; n = 9 case series) according to the samples investigated. Although the seized samples analyses revealed the presence of well-established adulterants such as levamisole for cocaine or paracetamol/acetaminophen for heroin, the reported data disclosed new adulteration practices, such as the use of NPS as cutting agents for classic drugs of abuse and other NPS. For example, heroin adulterated with synthetic cannabinoids or cocaine adulterated with fentanyl/fentalogues raised particular concern. Notably, adulterants play a role in some adverse effects commonly associated with the primary drug, such as levamisole-adulterated cocaine that may induce vasculitis via an autoimmune process. It is essential to constantly monitor adulterants due to their changing availability that may threaten drug consumers’ health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the reported data showed that quinine and quinidine were already used as cocaine adulterants in 2017 and 2018 [ 76 ]. Fentanyl was commonly detected as an adulterant in heroin samples in the USA and in Canada, presumably to enhance drug potency and reduce the amount of heroin needed for each dose [ 12 , 38 , 42 , 73 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances

Trana

Berardinelli

Montanari

et al. 2022

IJMS

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show abstract

“…VUV spectra are specific to each analyte, making this tool useful to observe the isomeric, isobaric, and co-eluting compounds that are not easily identified by MS. Since its availability as a benchtop spectrometer, GC/VUV has been used for a variety of applications including fuels [23][24][25][26], food/ fragrance products [27][28][29], environmental [30][31][32], and forensic samples [22,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post‐blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV)

Reavis

Goodpaster

2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Forensic analysis of smokeless powder particles recovered from the debris of an improvised explosive device can provide information about the type of smokeless powder used and can aid investigation efforts. In this study, quantitative methods were used to yield information about the difference in the chemical composition of the particles pre‐ and post‐blast. The technique, gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV), was able to quantify nitroglycerin, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, ethyl centralite, and di‐n‐butyl phthalate in pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles using heptadecane as an internal standard. Post‐blast debris was obtained via controlled explosions with assistance from the Indiana State Police Bomb Squad. Two galvanized steel and two polyvinyl chloride pipe bombs were assembled. Two devices contained single‐base smokeless powder and two contained double‐base smokeless powder. 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and diphenylamine were successfully quantified in the single‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris while nitroglycerin, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite were successfully quantified in the double‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris. Compounds were detected at concentrations as low as 9 μg of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene per mg, <3 μg of diphenylamine per mg, 131 μg of nitroglycerin per mg, and <3 μg of ethyl centralite per mg. Concentration changes between pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles were determined as well as microscopic differences between pre‐ and post‐blast debris for both smokeless powders in all devices. To our knowledge, this is the first use of GC/VUV for the quantification of explosives.

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“…Several techniques for confirmatory analysis of opioids have also been demonstrated including gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) [19,20], GC coupled with infrared detection (GC-IRD) [21], liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [22], and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [23]. In addition to new instrument-based approaches, several interesting data interpretation techniques and statistical analyses have also been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of a synthetic opioid targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method

Sisco

Burns

Moorthy

2021

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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As seized drug casework becomes increasingly complex due to the continued prevalence of emerging drugs, laboratories are often looking for new analytical approaches including developing methods for the analysis of specific compounds classes. Recent efforts have focused on the development of targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmation methods to compliment the information-rich screening results produced by techniques like direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). In this work, a method for the confirmation of synthetic opioids and related compounds was developed and evaluated. An 11-component test solution was used to develop a method that focused on minimizing overlapping retention time acceptance windows and understanding the influence of instrument parameters on reproducibility and sensitivity. Investigated settings included column type, flow rate, temperature program, inlet temperature, source temperature, and tune type. Using a DB-200 column, a 35-min temperature ramped method was created. It was evaluated against a suite of 222 synthetic opioids and related compounds, and successfully differentiated all but four compound pairs based on nonoverlapping retention time acceptance windows or objectively different mass spectra. Compared to a general confirmatory method used in casework, the targeted method was up to 25 times more sensitive and provided at least a two-fold increase in retention time differences.Analysis of extracts from actual case samples successfully demonstrated utility of the method and showed no instance of carryover, although the high polarity column required wider retention time windows than other columns.

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Instrumental and chemometric analysis of opiates via gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC-VUV)

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances

Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances

Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post‐blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV)

Development and evaluation of a synthetic opioid targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method

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