Instrumental neutron activation analysis, gamma spectrometry and geographic information system techniques in the determination and mapping of rare earth element in phosphogypsum stacks

Borges, Renata Coura; Fávaro, D. I. T.; Caldas, Vanessa Godoy; Lauria, Dejanira da Costa; Bernedo, Alfredo Victor Bellido

doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5468-x

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is mainly due to some specific limitations of impurities such as radioactive and REEs being present in PG [43]. A few studies have investigated the phases in which REEs occurred in PG but their conclusions varied depending upon the source of the PG [44][45][46]. From these studies, it was found that REEs usually occur in four main phases namely as carbonates, phosphates, fluorides, and sulphates.…”

Section: Phosphogypsum Disposal and Use Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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The need for rare earths elements (REEs) in high tech electrical and electronic based materials are vital. In the global economy, deposits of natural REEs are limited except for countries such as China, which has prompted current attempts to seek alternative resources of REEs. This increased the dependence on major secondary rare earth-bearing sources such as scrap alloy, battery waste, spent catalysts, fly ash, spent magnets, waste light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and phosphogypsum (PG) for a substantial recovery of REEs for use. Recycling of REEs from these alternative waste sources through hydrometallurgical processes is becoming a sustainable and viable approach due to the low energy consumption, low waste generation, few emissions, environmentally friendliness, and economically feasibility. Industrial wastes such as the PG generated from the production of phosphoric acid is a potential secondary resource of REEs that contains a total REE concentration of over 2000 mg/kg depending upon the phosphate ore from which it is generated. Due to trace concentration of REEs in the PG (normally < 0.1% wt.) and their tiny and complex occurrence as mineral phases the recovery process of REE from PG would be highly challenging in both technology and economy. Various physicochemical pre-treatments approaches have been used up to date to up-concentrate REEs from PG prior to their extraction. Methods such as carbonation, roasting, microwave heating, grinding or recrystallization have been widely used for this purpose. This present paper reviews recent literature on various techniques that are currently employed to up-concentrate REs from PG to provide preliminary insight into further critical raw materials recovery. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies are discussed as avenues for realization of REE recovery from PG at a larger scale. In all the different approaches, recrystallization of PG appears to show promising advantages due to both high REE recovery as well as the pure PG phase that can be obtained.

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Section: Phosphogypsum Disposal and Use Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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“…Although they are named rare, their abundance in the environment is comparable to that of other heavy elements such as Cu, Ni, Co and Zn. Recently, there has been increased tendency to apply REEs in several fields which include agriculture, 1 catalysts 2 and cell phones. 3 The increased industrial use of REEs results in pollution of the environment, followed by accumulation of these elements in the biosphere and this accumulation causes an increased risk for human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioparticles coated with an ionic liquid for the pre-concentration of rare earth elements from microwave-digested tea samples and the subsequent quantification by ETV-ICP-OES

et al. 2016

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“…A study by Santos et al (2006) [22] showed that although REEs were enriched in the PG samples they were not associated with CaSO4 itself. The study by Borges et al (2016) [23] indicated that REEs occur as sulphates, carbonates, fluorides and phosphates. Schmidt et al (2009) [24] concluded that Eu 3+ was adsorbed as an inner-sphere species on the precipitated gypsum.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Occurrences in Streams of Processing a Phosphate Ore

2019

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are defined as lanthanides with Y and Sc. Rare earth occurrences including the REE-bearing phases and their distributions, measured by rare earth oxides (REOs), in the streams of processing a phosphate ore were determined by using MLA, the mineral liberation analysis and EPMA, the electron probe microanalysis. The process includes an apatite ore beneficiation by flotation and further processing of the beneficiation concentrate with sulfuric acid. Twenty-six, sixty-two and twelve percent of the total REOs (TREO) contents from the ore end up in the products of beneficiation tailings, phosphogypsum (PG) and phosphoric acid, respectively. Apatite, allanite, monazite and pyrochlore are identified as REE-bearing minerals in the beneficiation process. In the beneficiation tailings, the REEs are mainly distributed in monazite (10.3% TREO), apatite (5.9% TREO), allanite (5.4% TREO) and pyrochlore (4.3% TREO). Gypsum, monazite, apatite and other REE-bearing phases were found to host REEs in the PG and the REEs distributions are 44.9% TREO in gypsum, 15.8% TREO in monazite, 0.6% TREO in apatite and 0.6% TREO in other REE-bearing phases. Perspectives on the efficient recovery of REEs from the beneficiation tailings and the PG are discussed.

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Instrumental neutron activation analysis, gamma spectrometry and geographic information system techniques in the determination and mapping of rare earth element in phosphogypsum stacks

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Bioparticles coated with an ionic liquid for the pre-concentration of rare earth elements from microwave-digested tea samples and the subsequent quantification by ETV-ICP-OES

Rare Earth Occurrences in Streams of Processing a Phosphate Ore

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