Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) secreted from HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells shows angiogenic activity

Effect of selenium-enriched malt on VEGF and several relevant angiogenic cytokines in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma rats

“…The GSH-Px activities in group I at weeks 4-16 were similar to group II at the same sampling times, however, at week 18 they were significantly higher than that of group II. The GSH-Px activities in group II were similar to those of the SEM-treated groups (except group III at week 4, group IV at week 16 and group V at weeks [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Comparing the SEM-treated groups at the same sampling times, the GSH-Px activities were increased with the increase in the selenium level in the supplemented diets.…”

“…Previous studies have indicated the significant contribution of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) during liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis [12,13]. IGF-II has considerable angiogenic activity that may play an important role in the vascularization of HCC [14]. Lack of IGF-II leads to dramatic reduction of tumor growth and increases tumor cell apoptosis [47,48].…”

Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Enhances Transcriptional Activity of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α through Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway

“…Generally, a local hypoxia is generated during hepatocarcinogenesis because of the shortage of blood supply caused by portal hypertension in cirrhotic lesions and rapid proliferation of tumor cells in liver tissues (22,23). In relevance, obstruction of hepatic artery during transcatheter embolization of HCC caused extensive ischemic tumor necrosis that was accompanied with increases in VEGF level, which may contribute to survival and proliferation of residual tumor cells (43,44).…”

“…The expression of insulin-like growth factor II, which has a potential angiogenic activity, was enhanced in the HBx-stable transfectants (23,24). HBx-bearing cells showed decreased adhesion to fibronectin and induced a migratory phenotype in a CD44-dependent manner, indicating a role of HBx in invasion and metastasis (25,26).…”

Transcriptional activation of the IGF-II/IGF-1R axis and inhibition of IGFBP-3 by miR-155 in hepatocellular carcinoma

“…IGF-II has been reported to be upregulated in HCC tissues, and this increase in expression was correlated with cancer cell proliferation and tumor neovascularization (17,18). IGF-1R has also been demonstrated to be upregulated in HCC.…”