Insulin resistance: An adaptive mechanism becomes maladaptive in the current environment — An evolutionary perspective

Tsatsoulis, Agathocles; Mantzaris, Michalis D.; Bellou, Sofia; Andrikoula, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.004

Cited by 150 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The result of the action of stress hormones and glucagon is the activation of hormonesensitive lipase in the fat cells, and consequently, the increase in lipolysis. This causes a rise in the release of FFA and in the bioaccessibility of glycerol, a substrate for glucogenesis, which provides the energy for fight or flight responses (Sillence et al 2007;Peckett et al 2011;Tsatsoulis et al 2013).…”

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dynamic balance is maintained between triglyceride lipolysis and FFA release, as is the control of their uptake and oxidation by other tissues, especially the muscles (Guilherme et al 2008;Tsatsoulis et al 2013). Adipose tissue, which serves as the body's energy storage site, is also an active endocrine organ producing and releasing many hormones, metabolites, and factors that regulate appetite, inflammatory processes, and the balance of metabolic pathways, known as adipokines.…”

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include TNF-α, IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, angiotensin II, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, or resistin, which have auto-, para-and endocrine effects (Guilherme et al 2008;Tsatsoulis et al 2013;Ye 2013).…”

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the organism releases more insulin, which stimulates lipogenesis and deposition of fat tissue. The permanently elevated cortisol level may also induce leptin resistance, which contributes to further adipose tissue accumulation (Sillence et al 2007;Peckett et al 2011;Tsatsoulis et al 2013).…”

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excess nutrients in blood may lead to overload and hypertrophy of adipose tissue, resulting in hypoxia, cell necrosis, and infiltration of adipose tissue with macrophages, which triggers the inflammatory response (Pawlak & Derlacz 2011;Tsatsoulis et al 2013). The balance between FFA release and oxidation in peripheral tissues may be upset if the adipose tissue is dysfunctional.…”

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulin resistance in the horse: a review

Kaczmarek

Janicki

Głowska

2015

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Insulin resistance (IR) is a state in which the tissues show a reduced sensitivity to insulin despite its normal or even increased concentration in blood. IR causes inability of peripheral tissues to respond to the hormone and to increase the glucose uptake from blood nor to raise the metabolism rate. The tissues resistance to insulin may refer to the prereceptor malfunctions, which reduce the concentration of insulin or decrease the number of insulin receptors; however, in most cases changes in signal transduction after insulin binding to the receptor are observed. The development of IR is determined by a number of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most relevant causes is obesity, which develops into a growing problem among the horse population all over the world. The accumulation of lipids in the tissues (lipotoxicity) and a mild inflammation caused by the release of proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines from the fat tissue are a common denominator that links obesity with IR. Both IR and obesity seem to cause metabolism malfunctions in horses and are the key components of equine metabolic syndrome; moreover, both may be the reason for endocrinological laminitis. The methods of prevention and treatment of IR include feeding the animals with low glycemic index food and increasing physical activity as well as pharmacological treatment, where levothyroxine sodium and metformin are of the highest importance. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Adipose Tissue In Irmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulin resistance in the horse: a review

Kaczmarek

Janicki

Głowska

2015

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Structure and Function of Bone Marrow Adipocytes

Paula

Rosen

2017

Comprehensive Physiology

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Adipocytes are heterogeneous cells strongly linked to energy storage and disposal. In parallel, adipocytes are endowed with an extensive portfolio of endocrine molecules, whose secretion varies depending on nutritional status. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has specific characteristics that are not shared by white (WAT) or brown (BAT) adipose tissue. First, marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts are terminally differentiated cells that originate from the same bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell. Differently from WAT adipocytes, marrow adipocytes expand under conditions of energy restriction and seem to be not influenced by energy surplus, at least in humans. Over the last few years, several lines of evidence have suggested that bone cells and MAT are mutually connected regarding the modulation of both energy metabolism and bone remodeling. Adipokines (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and chemerin), incretins (GLP1 and GIP), and several classical hormones (e.g., GH and insulin) are biochemical components involved in the modulation of bone remodeling, marrow adipogenesis, and energy metabolism. As expected, metabolic and nutritional diseases such as diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa (AN) greatly affect MAT quantity and quality as well as bone strength. Although the interest in MAT started recently, the rapid advances in current technology have expedited unprecedented growth of knowledge in this area. The present review intends to give to the reader an up-to-date perspective about MAT structure and physiology as well as its involvement in metabolic and nutritional diseases such as diabetes mellitus and ano-rexia. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:315-349, 2018.

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