Insulin resistance in cows during the periparturient period (review)

Abstract

Insulin resistance is a state in which the biological effect of insulin is reduced when its concentration decreases or when a compensatory mechanism increases its concentration. Insulin resistance is characterized by reduced insulin response to glucose, i.e. decreased pancreatic beta cell function (insulin hyporesponsiveness) and/or reduced sensitivity of glucose to insulin (reduced intake of glucose by peripheral tissues under the influence of insulin-eng. insulin sensitivity). Methods for estimating insulin resistance include direct methods (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, golden standard), indirect methods (intravenous glucose tolerance test) and surrogate methods (indices calculated from basal concentrations of insulin, glucose, NEFA and BHB-HOMA, QUICKI, RQUICKI and RQUICKI-BHB). Surrogate indices show correlations with direct and indirect test results but they are inconsistent. Inconsistency occurs because the dependence of glucose concentrations on the degree of hepatic gluconeogenesis should be kept in mind when evaluating insulin resistance in ruminants. Therefore, the hyperinsulinaemic-euglicaemic clamp method is particularly suitable as it excludes gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from analysis. Our results have shown a correlation between HOMA, QUICKI and RQUICKI indices and metabolic profile parameters. The correlation between dynamic and basal responses of NEFA, BHB, insulin, glucose and inorganic phosphorus is significantly dependent on RQUICKI-BHB index values in

Comparison of measures of insulin sensitivity in early-lactation dairy goats

“…Several authors have reported a negative association between fatty acids concentration and pancreatic insulin secretion in dairy cows (De Koster and Opsomer, 2013;Cincović et al, 2018;Hasegawa et al, 2019). For the influence of fatty acids on glucose-insulin kinetics (or vice versa) in dairy goats, our results are somewhat ambiguous.…”

“…The HEC test allows for the evaluation of peripheral insulin sensitivity and responsiveness because it measures the capacity of insulin to promote glucose utilization under hyperinsulinemic conditions (Singh and Saxena, 2010;De Koster and Opsomer, 2013). However, this method is time consuming, laborious, expensive, and difficult to apply in large-scale investigations (Singh and Saxena, 2010;Cincović et al, 2018). The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) is a cost-effective alternative to the HEC test.…”

Endocrine and metabolic responses to glucose, insulin, and adrenocorticotropin infusions in early-lactation dairy goats of high and low milk yield

“…The regulation of nutrient partitioning is orchestrated by complex interactions between a plethora of hormones; among them, insulin, growth hormone (GH), and glucocorticoids have a major effect on the regulation of nutrient supply in ruminants (Bell and Bauman, 1997;Baumgard et al, 2017). For instance, in dairy cows, greater milk yield is associated with reduced insulin and elevated GH concentrations (Bell and Bauman, 1997;Veerkamp et al, 2003;Lucy et al, 2009), decreased cortisol responses after ACTH administration (Beerda et al, 2004), intensified mobilization of body lipid stores (Veerkamp et al, 2003), and a greater degree of insulin resistance (De Koster and Opsomer, 2013;Cincović et al, 2018).…”

Blood Metabolic and Hematology Parameters and Survivorship in Mice after Application of the Rabies Challenge Virus Standard in Vaccine Potency Test

“…These regulations can be related to increased insulin concentration in the blood of mice that died after CVS-27 inoculation. Insulin resistance is defined as the incapability of pancreatic cells to produce insulin or inadequate tissue response to circulating insulin [6]. Insulin resistance in lab mice is related to higher HOMA-IR index and lower QUICKI index [2].…”