Insulin Resistance in Standard Donkeys ( Equus asinus ) of Three Body Conditions-Thin, Moderate, and Obese

McLean, Amy; Nielsen, B.D.; Yokoyama, M. T.; O′Connor-Robison, C.I.; Hengemuehle, Susan M.; Wang, W.; Geor, Raymond J.; Harris, Pat

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.106

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mclean et al (2009) obtained values related with insulin resistance in donkeys that were within reference range for horses. However, June et al (1992) reported a higher insulin response to glucose tolerance test in donkeys than in horses or ponies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Donkeys have been described to be less insulin-resistant than ponies or horses (June et al 1992). However, a recent study by Mclean (McLean et al 2009) has reported that, in donkeys, parameters related to insulin resistance are within reference range of horses. Therefore, additional mechanisms, different from insulin resistance, may be involved in the predisposition to hyperlipemia exhibited by donkeys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma leptin concentration in donkeys

Diez

López²,

Pérez³

et al. 2012

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background: Donkeys appear to be more predisposed than large breed horses to suffer from hyperlipemia. The reason for that predisposition is unknown but anorexia is a consistent feature of the disease. Leptin, a protein synthesized in fat tissue, is one of the major inhibitors of appetite in mammals. Objective: We hypothesized that donkeys could have elevated plasma leptin concentrations compared to horses. Animals and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 50 donkeys for measurement of leptin, triglycerides (TGs), glucose, and insulin. Glucose/insulin ratio, modified insulin to glucose ratio, and reciprocal of the square root of insulin were calculated. Based on their body condition score (BCS), donkeys were classified as lean (n ¼ 18), normal (n ¼ 16), or overweight (n ¼ 16). The results were compared with reference values from our laboratory and with a group of horses (n ¼ 25) used as an internal control. Results: Values of both leptin and TGs in donkeys were above the horse reference range and also significantly higher than those of the control horses: leptin (11.2 AE 1.7 versus 5.8 AE 0.5 mg/L, p < 0.05) and TGs (0.93 AE 0.1 versus 0.54 AE 0.1 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Overweight donkeys had leptin (19.3 AE 2.9 mg/L) and TG (1.3 AE 0.2 mmol/L) concentrations that were significantly ( p < 0.01) higher than normal (9.4 AE 3.3 mg/L and 0.85 AE 0.1 mmol/L, respectively) and lean (5.5 AE 1.0 mg/L and 0.66 AE 0.1 mmol/L, respectively) donkeys. A significant positive correlation ( p < 0.01) was found between BCS and leptin (r ¼ 0.43), TGs (r ¼ 0.46), glucose (r ¼ 0.41), and insulin (r ¼ 0.40). Conclusion: Donkeys have higher plasma leptin concentrations than horses and leptin is correlated with BCS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma leptin concentration in donkeys

Diez

López²,

Pérez³

et al. 2012

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Other dynamic tests such as FSIGTT had results comparable between both species when BCS were similar [35]. Intravenous insulin tolerance test has also been characterized in donkeys but only in 3 days fasting animals, showing a diminished glucose recruitment [47].…”

Section: Donkey or Asinine Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Reference values for glucose ratios and surrogates in healthy donkeys have been recently described [39]. Reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index were similar to horses, but the modified insulin to glucose ratio (MIRG) was higher in donkeys [35]. A higher MIRG could indicate a higher b-cell function in this species [40,41].…”

Section: Donkey or Asinine Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 95%

“…When measuring metabolic parameters in donkeys, it should be noted that many of them may differ with gender [35,36]. For example, healthy nonpregnant jennies have lower glucose and higher triglyceride concentrations than males [15], likely secondary to the effect of sexual hormones on fat distribution and mobilization.…”

Section: Donkey or Asinine Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances

Mendoza

Toribio

Pérez-Écija

2018

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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a b s t r a c tMetabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys.

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