Insulin responsiveness of sheep, ponies, miniature pigs and camels: results of hyperinsulinemic clamps using porcine insulin

Kaske, Martin; Elmahdi, B.; W, von Engelhardt; Hp, Sallmann

doi:10.1007/s003600100205

Cited by 37 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The levels of blood glucose in camels (6–8 mmol l −1 ), however, are much higher than in most monogastrics3233. Previous physiological experiments demonstrated that the high level of blood glucose in camels may be caused by their strong capacity for insulin resistance33. Consistent with this argument, our analysis shows that a large number of rapidly evolving genes in camels are involved in Type II diabetes mellitus (KEGG pathway accession code 04930) and the insulin signalling pathway (KEGG pathway accession code 04910) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In general, blood glucose levels in domestic ruminants (2.5–3.5 mmol l −1 ) are lower than in monogastric animals (3.5–5.0 mmol l −1 )3233. Although camels belong to the suborder Tylopoda within Artiodactyla , they are also ruminating herbivores with an extensive forestomach.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although camels belong to the suborder Tylopoda within Artiodactyla , they are also ruminating herbivores with an extensive forestomach. The levels of blood glucose in camels (6–8 mmol l −1 ), however, are much higher than in most monogastrics3233. Previous physiological experiments demonstrated that the high level of blood glucose in camels may be caused by their strong capacity for insulin resistance33.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels

Jirimutu¹,

Wang²,

Ding³

et al. 2012

Nat Commun

154

105

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Bactrian camels serve as an important means of transportation in the cold desert regions of China and Mongolia. Here we present a 2.01 Gb draft genome sequence from both a wild and a domestic bactrian camel. We estimate the camel genome to be 2.38 Gb, containing 20,821 protein-coding genes. Our phylogenomics analysis reveals that camels shared common ancestors with other even-toed ungulates about 55–60 million years ago. Rapidly evolving genes in the camel lineage are significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, and these changes may underlie the insulin resistance typically observed in these animals. We estimate the genome-wide heterozygosity rates in both wild and domestic camels to be 1.0 × 10−3. However, genomic regions with significantly lower heterozygosity are found in the domestic camel, and olfactory receptors are enriched in these regions. Our comparative genomics analyses may also shed light on the genetic basis of the camel's remarkable salt tolerance and unusual immune system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels

Jirimutu¹,

Wang²,

Ding³

et al. 2012

Nat Commun

154

105

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“…On the one hand, plasma glucose levels in camels are in the range or of those of monogastrics or even higher [11], although camels ferment carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids on the same scale as sheep and lactating cows [12] and like ruminants, they also meet their glucose demands by endogenous gluconeogenesis [13]. On the other hand, the whole body insulin sensitivity of camels is even lower than that of adult ruminants [14]. High basal plasma glucose levels and simultaneously low insulin sensitivities also occur in humans suffering from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [15], so the insulin sensitivity of camels may be similar to that of NIDDM patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequencing, Analysis, and Annotation of Expressed Sequence Tags for Camelus dromedarius

et al. 2010

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Despite its economical, cultural, and biological importance, there has not been a large scale sequencing project to date for Camelus dromedarius. With the goal of sequencing complete DNA of the organism, we first established and sequenced camel EST libraries, generating 70,272 reads. Following trimming, chimera check, repeat masking, cluster and assembly, we obtained 23,602 putative gene sequences, out of which over 4,500 potentially novel or fast evolving gene sequences do not carry any homology to other available genomes. Functional annotation of sequences with similarities in nucleotide and protein databases has been obtained using Gene Ontology classification. Comparison to available full length cDNA sequences and Open Reading Frame (ORF) analysis of camel sequences that exhibit homology to known genes show more than 80% of the contigs with an ORF>300 bp and ∼40% hits extending to the start codons of full length cDNAs suggesting successful characterization of camel genes. Similarity analyses are done separately for different organisms including human, mouse, bovine, and rat. Accompanying web portal, CAGBASE (http://camel.kacst.edu.sa/), hosts a relational database containing annotated EST sequences and analysis tools with possibility to add sequences from public domain. We anticipate our results to provide a home base for genomic studies of camel and other comparative studies enabling a starting point for whole genome sequencing of the organism.

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“…were studied for glucose and insulin responses and these all demonstrated insulin resistance [7]. In ruminants insulin resistance promotes glucagon action in enhanced gluconeogenesis from volatile fatty acids, the main products of rumen digestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of TRH and TSH on Circulatory Glucose and Fatty Acids Responses in Hypoinsulenemic Male Dwarf Goats

Mushtaq¹,

Mushtaq²,

Cheema³

et al. 2014

ABB

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Diabetes mellitus or hypoinsulinemia was induced successfully in the male dwarf goats aged between 2 -3 years with 2 consecutive administrations of streptozotocin. A comparable group of intact control goats was also maintained. In ruminants including goats unlike non-ruminants, insulin generally displays ineffectiveness or resistance in their biochemical setup to facilitate gluconeogenesis, the only source of glucose in these animals. In present study almost in the absence of insulin through induced hypoinsulinemia the effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (30 µg/kg body weight) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (2.5 µg/kg body weight) on circulatory glucose and different fatty acid fractions were studied in insulin resistant ruminant model. Fatty acid fractions were estimated by gas chromatography. Both TRH and TSH administration lowered glycemia in insulin deficient goats compared to the controls but significantly with TSH dose only. In intact goats the detectable circulating long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) fractions of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid were undetected except linoleic acid in the hypoinsulinemic state, however were found restored following TRH and TSH administrations and some of LCFAs; stearic (6417%), oleic (1676%) and linoleic acid (1225%) increased exceptionally with TSH dose. In Intact goats however the hormones variedly increased the fractions. The volatile fatty acid fractions (VFAs) of formic, acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, iso-caproic, n-caproic and heptanoic acid were detected in the goats. The most VFAs fractions markedly increased in hypoinsulinemic goats compared to the control goats following TRH and TSH infusion. These results have indicated that endogenously stimulated thyroid hormones with TRH and TSH in insulin deficient state inhibit the mechanisms of utilizing the fatty acids in glucose production. Therefore the study reveals thyroid hormones inhibitory effects on gluconeogenesis in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

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Insulin responsiveness of sheep, ponies, miniature pigs and camels: results of hyperinsulinemic clamps using porcine insulin

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels

Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels

Sequencing, Analysis, and Annotation of Expressed Sequence Tags for Camelus dromedarius

Effect of TRH and TSH on Circulatory Glucose and Fatty Acids Responses in Hypoinsulenemic Male Dwarf Goats

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