“…A 1% decrease in renewable energy is accompanied by a 0.002% and 1.101% significant rise in the EF in both the short and long run. The study outcomes are similar to Jahanger et al (2022) for Mexico, Samour et al (2022) for UAE, Destek and Sinha (2020) for 24 OECD countries, Saidi and Omri (2020) for 15 OECD countries, Usman and Hammar (2021) for 15 most emitting countries, Danish et al (2020), Nathaniel et al (2021) for BRICS countries, Saidi and Omri (2020) for Canada, Belgium, France, Sweden, Germany, USA, Finland, UK, Japan, Switzerland, and Czech republic, and Qashou et al (2022) for Turkey. However, the finding contradicted Destek and Sinha (2020) who negative but the insignificant effect of REC on EF for Austria, Belgium, Chile, Denmark, France, Italy, Portugal, New Zealand, and Sweden, Rafindadi (2016a, 2016b, 2016c) for Japan and Rafindadi (2019b) for South Africa (Table 7).…”