“…CKD-MBD involves the dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-Vitamin D (Vit. D)-parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis, which not only leads to kidney stone formation but is also associated with increased carotid IMT [31,32]. In our data, there was no significant difference in the level of PTH between the Ca-containing stone group and the control group (43.7 ± 15.7 vs. 44.6 ± 11.6 pg/mL, p = 0.664).…”
Section: The Link Connecting Atherosclerosis and Kidney Stone Formationmentioning
Previous studies have suggested that kidney stone formers are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. To our knowledge, there have been no previous examinations of the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and urinary stone risk factors. This study was aimed toward an investigation of the association between dyslipidemia, IMT, and 24-hour urinalysis in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaP) stones. We prospectively enrolled 114 patients with kidney stones and 33 controls between January 2016 and August 2016. All patients were divided into four groups, according to the stone compositions-CaOx ≥ 50% group, CaP group, struvite group, and uric acid stones group. Carotid IMT and the carotid score (CS) were evaluated using extracranial carotid artery doppler ultrasonography. The results of a multivariate analysis indicated that a higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were all associated with lower urinary citrate and higher CS in both the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups. Higher serum TC and LDL were also associated with increased serum 8-OHdG levels in both groups. The levels of carotid IMT and CS in the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups were all significantly higher than in the controls. These findings suggest a strong link between dyslipidemia, carotid atherosclerosis, and calcium kidney stone disease.
“…CKD-MBD involves the dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-Vitamin D (Vit. D)-parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis, which not only leads to kidney stone formation but is also associated with increased carotid IMT [31,32]. In our data, there was no significant difference in the level of PTH between the Ca-containing stone group and the control group (43.7 ± 15.7 vs. 44.6 ± 11.6 pg/mL, p = 0.664).…”
Section: The Link Connecting Atherosclerosis and Kidney Stone Formationmentioning
Previous studies have suggested that kidney stone formers are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. To our knowledge, there have been no previous examinations of the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and urinary stone risk factors. This study was aimed toward an investigation of the association between dyslipidemia, IMT, and 24-hour urinalysis in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaP) stones. We prospectively enrolled 114 patients with kidney stones and 33 controls between January 2016 and August 2016. All patients were divided into four groups, according to the stone compositions-CaOx ≥ 50% group, CaP group, struvite group, and uric acid stones group. Carotid IMT and the carotid score (CS) were evaluated using extracranial carotid artery doppler ultrasonography. The results of a multivariate analysis indicated that a higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were all associated with lower urinary citrate and higher CS in both the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups. Higher serum TC and LDL were also associated with increased serum 8-OHdG levels in both groups. The levels of carotid IMT and CS in the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups were all significantly higher than in the controls. These findings suggest a strong link between dyslipidemia, carotid atherosclerosis, and calcium kidney stone disease.
“…We used the systematic literature search strategy, and 3819 potentially relevant studies were identified. After duplication eliminating, title and abstract screening, and full-text review, 26 full-text studies 10,11,20–43 were included in the final analysis (Figure 1), involving one cohort study, five case–control studies, and 20 cross-sectional studies, among which, four studies reached high quality. The main characteristics of the 26 studies are described in Table 1.Figure 1.Flow diagram of studies identified, included, and excluded.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fourteen studies were conducted from Europe, 20,22–26,30,31,34,35,39,41–43 followed by America (4 studies), 10,27,28,38 Asia (4 studies), 11,21,29,32 and Africa (4 studies). 33,36,37,40 There are four studies using CIMT ≥ 0.78 mm criteria, 32,36,37,40 eight studies with CIMT ≥ 0.80 mm, 10,22,27,28,30,31,34,35 10 studies with CIMT ≥ 0.90 mm, 11,21,23–26,38,41,43 and four studies with CIMT ≥ 75th.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…33,36,37,40 There are four studies using CIMT ≥ 0.78 mm criteria, 32,36,37,40 eight studies with CIMT ≥ 0.80 mm, 10,22,27,28,30,31,34,35 10 studies with CIMT ≥ 0.90 mm, 11,21,23–26,38,41,43 and four studies with CIMT ≥ 75th. 20,29,33,39…”
The current evidence regarding the prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA) for people living with HIV(PLWH) is inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to synthesize data on the prevalence and association of SCA patients with HIV infection. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Medline, SinoMed, and CNKI from inception to March 2, 2020. The pooled proportion, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. For inclusion, SCA was measured by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), with a B-mode ultrasound machine. Twenty-six studies consisting of 6590 participants were identified. The overall prevalence of SCA was 31.6% (95% CI 13.4‐53.3; I2 = 99%; 4 studies) according to CIMT ≥ 0.78 mm criteria, and 32.3% (19.6‐46.4; 97%; 10 studies) according to CIMT ≥ 0.90 mm criteria. SCA prevalence was higher in Europe, over 40 years old and male. What’s more, PLWH have a higher likelihood of developing SCA comorbidity than HIV-negative controls (pooled OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.57‐4.50, I2 = 74%; 9 studies), even after sensitivity analysis (pooled OR 2.58, 1.54‐4.31, 73%). This study suggests a high prevalence and risk of SCA in the global population with HIV. As a result, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis deserves more attention from policymakers, HIV health-care providers, researchers, and stakeholders.
“…Assessment of soluble and cellular proteins together with other approaches such as metagenomic or metabolomic could be used as biomarkers of cardiovascular events in HIV-infected people (61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67). Thus, we have herein classified these potential biomarkers as: (i) biomarkers dependent or partially dependent on microbiota; (ii) biomarkers independent on microbiota.…”
Section: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers In Hiv-infected Patientsmentioning
Background: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with premature and accelerated aging linked to the development of several co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular events, even after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Since both traditional and “novel” factors are involved in the increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) observed in HIV-infected patients, new biomarkers could be needed to diagnose, evaluate and prevent the evolution of these events. Furthermore, since microbiota disturbance is involved in HIV-associated co-morbidities, all strategies focused on reversing or modulating gut microbiota (GM) composition and/or functionality could be of interest. In this context, a solid scientific evidence based on well-designed clinical trials is needed to support the use of prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics and fecal transplantation (FT) to modify GM in HIV-infected patients and, therefore, to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population.
Methods: a search in PubMed has been carried out covering all clinical trials (Clinical Trial filter) including adult humans (19+ years) and whose results have been published in the last 10 years. Besides, the results obtained from ClinicalTrials.gob have been included and described in the present review Thus, we have reviewed the main results obtained from 3 clinical trials concerning the effects of prebiotics, 25 concerning probiotics, 6 concerning symbiotics and 4 concerning FT.
Results: none of the trials included in this review investigated if these compounds were able to reduce cardiovascular events in HIV patients.
Conclusions: the huge variability observed in the type of compound used, the dose and the length of administration, makes difficult to analyse the results as a proper meta-3 analysis and, therefore, to adopt general recommendations. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate in this direction through robust and well-designed clinical trials.
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