Intake fraction assessment of the air pollutant exposure implications of a shift toward distributed electricity generation

Heath, Garvin; Granvold, Patrick W.; Hoats, Abigail S.; Nazaroff, William W.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.023

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Over the last decade, many studies focused on the air-quality impact of DPGs in urban areas in terms of emission rates and intake factors (Greene and Hammerschlag 2000;Allison and Lents 2002;Hadley and Van Dyke 2003;Rodriquez et al 2006;Heath et al 2006). Intake factors are dimensionless numbers representing the ratio between the amounts of pollutants inhaled by the population to that released from the source (Heath et al 2006). Several studies have also addressed the impact of these emissions on ambient ground-level concentrations under realistic emission scenarios (Venkatram et al 2004a;Jing et al 2009Jing et al , 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Unlike large, centralized power plants, exhausts from DPG sources are released from relatively short stacks, with a typical height of approximately 10 m, and can be captured in the wakes of surrounding buildings. Over the last decade, many studies focused on the air-quality impact of DPGs in urban areas in terms of emission rates and intake factors (Greene and Hammerschlag 2000;Allison and Lents 2002;Hadley and Van Dyke 2003;Rodriquez et al 2006;Heath et al 2006). Intake factors are dimensionless numbers representing the ratio between the amounts of pollutants inhaled by the population to that released from the source (Heath et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low-Level Sources in the Presence of Upstream and Downstream Obstacles

Pournazeri

Princevac

Venkatram

2012

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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Field and laboratory studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of surrounding buildings on the plume rise from low-level buoyant sources, such as distributed power generators. The field experiments were conducted in Palm Springs, California, USA in November 2010 and plume rise from a 9.3 m stack was measured. In addition to the field study, a laboratory study was conducted in a water channel to investigate the effects of surrounding buildings on plume rise under relatively high wind-speed conditions. Different building geometries and source conditions were tested. The experiments revealed that plume rise from low-level buoyant sources is highly affected by the complex flows induced by buildings stationed upstream and downstream of the source. The laboratory results were compared with predictions from a newly developed numerical plume-rise model. Using the flow measurements associated with each building configuration, the numerical model accurately predicted plume rise from low-level buoyant sources that are influenced by buildings. This numerical plume rise model can be used as a part of a computational fluid dynamics model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low-Level Sources in the Presence of Upstream and Downstream Obstacles

Pournazeri

Princevac

Venkatram

2012

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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“…These two studies only focused on emissions of primary pollutants and CO 2 , but did not consider atmospheric chemistry, transport, or impacts on secondary pollutants. Heath et al 7 suggested that DG would increase human exposure to pollutants in the Bay Area when compared with central generation. However, they used a simplified nonreactive plume model.…”

Section: Technical Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality impacts of distributed power generation in the South Coast Air Basin of California 1: Scenario development and modeling analysis

Rodríguez

Carreras-Sospedra

Medrano

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

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Emissions from the potential installation of distributed energy resources (DER) in the place of current utility-scale power generators have been introduced into an emissions inventory of the northeastern United States. A methodology for predicting future market penetration of DER that considers economics and emission factors was used to estimate the most likely implementation of DER. The methodology results in spatially and temporally resolved emission profiles of criteria pollutants that are subsequently introduced into a detailed atmospheric chemistry and transport model of the region. The DER technology determined by the methodology includes 62% reciprocating engines, 34% gas turbines, and 4% fuel cells and other emerging technologies. The introduction of DER leads to retirement of 2625 MW of existing power plants for which emissions are removed from the inventory. The air quality model predicts maximum differences in air pollutant concentrations that are located downwind from the central power plants that were removed from the domain. Maximum decreases in hourly peak ozone concentrations due to DER use are 10 ppb and are located over the state of New Jersey. Maximum decreases in 24-hr average fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations reach 3 g/m 3 and are located off the coast of New Jersey and New York. The main contribution to decreased PM 2.5 is the reduction of sulfate levels due to significant reductions in direct emissions of sulfur oxides (SO x ) from the DER compared with the central power plants removed. The scenario presented here represents an accelerated DER penetration case with aggressive emission reductions due to removal of highly emitting power plants. Such scenario provides an upper bound for air quality benefits of DER implementation scenarios. INTRODUCTIONDistributed energy resources (DER) have the potential of substituting part of the conventional central power capacity for electricity production, as well as providing an alternative to power generation to meet the increasing electricity demands in the years to come. DER encompass distributed generation (DG), energy storage, and other interconnection and energy-service-providing technologies. Areas such as California and the northeastern states of the United States have appropriate characteristics in terms of market deregulation, natural gas prices, and grid capacity limitations that provide favorable conditions for DER deployment. Shifting from central generation to a DER-based grid reduces transmission losses and potentially increases energy efficiency, although it may introduce challenges regarding system stability. In addition, deployment of DER introduces new emission sources near the place of use, generally near populated areas, and hence, air quality impacts due to DER need to be assessed before their widespread deployment.Tomashefsky and Marks 1 suggested that 20% of the increased demand from 2000 to 2020 in California would be met by DER. Later estimates reduced these expectations of DER penetration to approximatel...

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“…For example, the Model-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) or approaches such as that used by and Heath et al (2006) might be applicable. These approaches integrate Gaussian Plume modeling with a geographic information system (GIS) to characterize the impacts of a shift toward distributed electricity generation, but it is possible that they could also be applied to industrial point source emissions in China.…”

Section: Air Quality Modeling Limitations and Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Co-benefits of Energy-Efficiency Programs: A Case Study of the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China

Hasanbeigi

Lobscheid

Dai

et al. 2012

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Executive SummaryChina's cement industry accounted for more than half of the world's total cement production in 2010. The cement industry is one of the most energy-intensive and highest carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-emitting industries and one of the key industrial contributors to air pollution in China. For example, it is the largest source of particulate matter (PM) emissions in China, accounting for 40 percent of industrial PM emissions and 27 percent of total national PM emissions. Although specific regulations and policies are needed to reduce the pollutant emissions from the cement industry, air pollution can also be reduced as a co-benefit of energy efficiency and climate-change mitigation policies and programs. Quantifying and accounting for these cobenefits when evaluating energy efficiency and climate-change mitigation programs reveals benefits beyond the programs' energy and global warming impacts and adds to their cost effectiveness.In this study, we quantify the co-benefits of PM 10 and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions reductions that result from energy-saving measures in China's cement industry. We use a modified form of the cost of conserved energy (CCE) equation to incorporate the value of these co-benefits: CCE co-ben = (annualized capital cost + annual change in operations&maintenance costs -annual co-benefits) annual energy savings (Equation ES-1)The annualized capital cost can be calculated as follows:where: d = discount rate (assumed 30 percent in this study) n = lifetime of the energy-efficiency measureWe used the following methodology to calculate CCE with co-benefits (CCE co-ben ):1. We established the year 2008 as the base year for energy, materials use, and production in 16 representative cement plants in Shandong Province. We also used 2008 data when modeling air quality and health impacts, as described below.2. We compiled a list of 34 commercially available technologies Out of the 34 measures, 29 are applicable to the cement plants in our study, 23 are electricity-saving measures, and 6 are fuel-saving measures. To quantify the air pollution emissions (PM and SO 2 ) reductions associated with the electricity-saving measures, we used relevant average emission factors for the electricity grid. We did not conduct the air quality modeling or analyze health impacts of the electricity-saving measures because the air pollution from electricity generation is emitted by power plants that are dispersed around the region which is beyond the scope of this study, and our goal in this study is in the air pollution effects of the cement plants themselves. Therefore, in quantifying co-benefits to be included in the CCE calculation, we focused only on the six fuel-saving measures because those measures reduce air pollution at the cement plant site.3. We assessed the potential application of the energy-efficiency technologies and measures in the 16 Shandong cement plants based on information collected from the plants.4. We calculated energy savings and CO 2 and air pollutant (PM 10 and SO 2 ) emissions reduc...

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Intake fraction assessment of the air pollutant exposure implications of a shift toward distributed electricity generation

Cited by 34 publications

References 17 publications

Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low-Level Sources in the Presence of Upstream and Downstream Obstacles

Rise of Buoyant Emissions from Low-Level Sources in the Presence of Upstream and Downstream Obstacles

Air quality impacts of distributed power generation in the South Coast Air Basin of California 1: Scenario development and modeling analysis

Quantifying the Co-benefits of Energy-Efficiency Programs: A Case Study of the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China

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