Intake of selected minerals on commercial dairy herds in central and northern England in comparison with requirements

Sinclair, L.A.; Atkins, Norton E.

doi:10.1017/s0021859614001026

Cited by 29 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The maximum dietary level of elemental copper permitted without veterinary prescription under domestic and EU legislation is 35 mg/kg (88 per cent dry matter (DM)) which equates to 40 mg/kg of total diet DM. Sinclair and Atkins (2014) found that 6 of the 50 farms that they studied within a region of the UK exceeded this limit. In addition they found that 32 of the 50 herds studied were also supplemented above the guidance note recommendation for total copper of 20 mg/kg DM (including supplements) ( ACAF 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Liver copper concentrations in cull cattle in the UK: are cattle being copper loaded?

Kendall

Holmes-Pavord

Bone³

et al. 2015

Veterinary Record

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With the release of the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/Advisory Committee on Animal Feed Guidance Note for Supplementing Copper to Bovines it was noted that the current copper status of the national herd was not known. Liver samples were recovered from 510 cull cattle at a single abattoir across a period of three days. The samples were wet-ashed and liver copper concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. Breed, age and previous location information were obtained from the British Cattle Movement Service. Dairy breeds had higher liver copper concentrations than beef breeds. Holstein-Friesian and ‘other’ dairy breeds had 38.3 per cent and 40 per cent of cattle above the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) reference range (8000 µmol/kg dry matter), respectively, whereas only 16.9 per cent of animals in the combined beef breeds exceeded this value. It was found that underlying topsoil copper concentration was not related to liver copper content and that age of the animal also had little effect on liver concentration. In conclusion, over 50 per cent of the liver samples tested had greater-than-normal concentrations of copper with almost 40 per cent of the female dairy cattle having liver copper concentrations above the AHVLA reference range, indicating that a significant proportion of the UK herd is at risk of chronic copper toxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Liver copper concentrations in cull cattle in the UK: are cattle being copper loaded?

Kendall

Holmes-Pavord

Bone³

et al. 2015

Veterinary Record

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“…The results obtained in field studies that measured copper concentrations in the diets of dairy herds in areas where over-supplementation of copper was suspected on the basis of high copper residues in the liver confirmed that copper over-supplementation is not justified by a high level of copper antagonists. For example, in a study conducted to determine the intake of minerals in commercial dairy herds in England [ 75 ], copper concentrations in excess of requirements were observed in early lactation, with a mean dietary copper concentration of 28 mg/kg DM (standard deviation 9.85), which is approximately 18 mg/kg DM above UK requirements, with 32 of the 50 herds feeding above the UK industry recommended maximum of 20 mg/kg DM. Although dietary mineral concentrations were generally lower in late lactation but still higher than requirements, two herds were fed above the legal limit and 27 herds above the UK industry guideline.…”

Section: What Happens In Practice? Are These Levels Of Requirementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 NRC: National Research Council, USA [ 36 , 72 ]; 2 GfE: Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie, Germany [ 74 , 75 ]; 3 CVB: Centraal Veevoederbureau, the Netherlands [ 33 ]; 4 INRA: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France, [ 76 ]; 5 EU: European Union. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle

López‐Alonso

Miranda

2020

Animals

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Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers’ awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of “if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response”. Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.

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“…For perennial ryegrass and big bale grass silage, the ME content was predicted from the modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) content (Givens, Everington, & Adamson, 1990), and the ME concentration of the concentrate and TMR estimated from their composition. In addition, forages were analysed for Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo T A B L E 1 Ingredient (g/kg DM) and chemical composition of the dry cow and lactation TMR diet offered to heifers following a period of out-wintering on fodder beet with grass silage, perennial ryegrass with grass silage or housed for the winter with grass silage and concentrates and Se using the DigiPREP digestion system (Qmx Laboratories, Essex, UK) and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Hemel Hempstead, UK) as described by Sinclair and Atkins (2015). Blood serum samples were analysed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and blood plasma for glucose (Randox Laboratories, County Antrim, UK; kit catalogue no.…”

Section: Postpartum Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periparturient and early lactation performance and metabolism of replacement Holstein‐Friesian heifers out‐wintered on fodder beet or perennial ryegrass compared with winter housing

Atkins

Bleach

Sinclair

2018

Grass and Forage Science

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The effect of winter feeding system on the periparturient performance and early milk production and metabolism of pregnant Holstein‐Friesian dairy heifers destined for a high‐output, total mixed ration (TMR)‐based system was examined. Forty‐eight, 23 ± 0.4‐month‐old, in‐calf Holstein‐Friesian heifers were assigned to one of three treatments: out‐wintered on perennial ryegrass and grass silage (G), out‐wintered on fodder beet and grass silage (F) or housed and fed grass silage and concentrate (H). The study commenced in November 2013, with heifers on treatment for 91 days, housed from 6 weeks prior to parturition and fed a dry cow TMR. Postpartum performance and metabolism were monitored for 12 weeks. Prepartum, average daily gain was lower in heifers receiving G at 0.95 kg d−1 cow−1 than F or H (1.24 and 1.11 kg d−1 cow−1 respectively). Body condition score of heifers that received G was also lower compared with treatments F or H both pre‐ and postpartum. Prepartum, plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations were lowest in animals receiving treatment H, highest in F and intermediate in G, but did not differ between treatment postpartum. Milk yield averaged 30.7 kg d−1 cow−1 and was not affected by treatment, but milk fat content was lowest in animals that received F (35.4, 37.1 and 37.9 g/kg for F, G and H respectively). The results indicate that out‐wintering in‐calf dairy heifers on fodder beet or perennial ryegrass is a viable alternative to winter housing in high‐output TMR‐based milk production systems in a temperate region.

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Intake of selected minerals on commercial dairy herds in central and northern England in comparison with requirements

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Liver copper concentrations in cull cattle in the UK: are cattle being copper loaded?

Liver copper concentrations in cull cattle in the UK: are cattle being copper loaded?

Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle

Periparturient and early lactation performance and metabolism of replacement Holstein‐Friesian heifers out‐wintered on fodder beet or perennial ryegrass compared with winter housing

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