Intakes of Calcium and Phosphorus and Calculated Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratios of Older Adults: NHANES 2005–2006 Data

Abstract

Background: High intakes of dietary phosphorus (P), relative to calcium (Ca) intake, are associated with a lower calcium:phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) ratio which potentially has adverse health effects, including arterial calcification, bone loss, and death. A substantial percentage of older adults (50 to 70 and 71 plus years) who have a higher risk of fracture rate than younger adults typically have low intakes of dietary Ca that are dominated by higher intakes of dietary P from natural and fortified foods, and lower Ca:P ratios than desirable. Objective: This investigation was undertaken to examine Ca and P intakes and the resulting Ca:P ratios (by mass) across gender and older adult age groups, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006. Design: NHANES data are based on a cross-sectional sample of the non-institutionalized United States (US) population within various regions. This sample is selected to be representative of the entire US population at all ages. National Cancer Institute (NCI) methods and SAS survey procedures were used for analyses. Ca:P ratios were calculated using total Ca from both foods and supplements, whereas P intakes were calculated from food composition values and supplements. The amounts of P additives in processed foods are not available. Results: Mean Ca and P intakes demonstrated lower intakes of Ca and higher intakes of P compared to current Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The Ca:P ratios in older male and female adults were influenced by both low-Ca and high-P dietary consumption patterns. Conclusions: Both low total Ca intakes and high P amounts contribute to lower Ca:P ratios, i.e., ~0.7:1.0, in the consumption patterns of older adults than is recommended by the RDAs, i.e., ~1.5:1.0. Whether Ca:P ratios lower than recommended contribute to increased risk of bone loss, arterial calcification, and all-cause mortality cannot be inferred from these data. Additional amounts of chemical P additives in the food supply may actually reduce even further the Ca:P ratios of older adults of both genders, but, without P additive data from the food industry, calculation of more precise ratios from NHANES 2005–2006 data is not possible.

Can Cereal Products Be an Essential Source of Ca, Mg and K in the Deficient Diets of Poles?

“…Similar observations were also carried out in other countries [3][4][5]. Insufficient supply of calcium, with a simultaneously fully covered requirement of phosphorus, leads to osteomalacia, osteoporosis and muscle cramp in adults and rickets in children [3]. The type and intensity of magnesium deficiency symptoms depend on the degree of deficiency-large deficiencies cause neuromuscular and cardiovascular disorders [4].…”

“…Studies concerning the intake of macroelements carried out among different population groups in Poland showed numerous irregularities, primarily referring to insufficient supply of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) [1,2]. Similar observations were also carried out in other countries [3][4][5]. Insufficient supply of calcium, with a simultaneously fully covered requirement of phosphorus, leads to osteomalacia, osteoporosis and muscle cramp in adults and rickets in children [3].…”

Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10‐Year Follow‐up of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

“…Low calcium intake (ie, less than 800 mg/day) has also been suggested to be associated with increased CVD risk . This mechanism may be related to excess phosphorus intake because of a low dietary calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio . Our results suggest that a wide range of calcium intakes between ≈400 and 1400 mg/day are not associated with CAC over a period of 10 years.…”

Impact Mineralization of Chokeberry and Cranberry Fruit Juices Using a New Functional Additive on the Protection of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidative Properties

“…The second element in terms of quantity was magnesium, which accounted for 0.35%, whereas sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and strontium accounted for 0.10% to 0.05% of the total eggshell weight. These results indicate that 1 g of CESP can cover 28% of the RDA for calcium (Recommended Dietary Allowance) [24]. According to findings reported by Schaafsma et al [25], the calcium content in CESP from the Netherlands ranged from 385 to 401 mg Ca/g powder.…”