Integrated analyses reveal the response of peanut to phosphorus deficiency on phenotype, transcriptome and metabolome

Abstract

Background Phosphorus (P) is one of the most essential macronutrients for crops. The growth and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are always limited by P deficiency. However, the transcriptional and metabolic regulatory mechanisms were less studied. In this study, valuable phenotype, transcriptome and metabolome data were analyzed to illustrate the regulatory mechanisms of peanut under P deficiency stress. Result In present study, two treatments of P level in deficiency with no P application (–P) and in sufficiency with 0.6 mM P application (+ P) were used to investigate the response of peanut on morphology, physiology, transcriptome, microRNAs (miRNAs), and metabolome characterizations. The growth and development of plants were significantly inhibited under –P treatment. A total of 6088 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified including several transcription factor family genes, phosphate transporter genes, hormone metabolism related genes and antioxidant enzyme related genes that highly related to P deficiency stress. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that 117 genes were annotated in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway under P deficiency stress. A total of 6 miRNAs have been identified significantly differential expression between + P and –P group by high-throughput sequencing of miRNAs, including two up-regulated miRNAs (ahy-miR160-5p and ahy-miR3518) and four down-regulated miRNAs (ahy-miR408-5p, ahy-miR408-3p, ahy-miR398, and ahy-miR3515). Further, the predicted 22 target genes for 6 miRNAs and cis-elements in 2000 bp promoter region of miRNA genes were analyzed. A total of 439 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) showed obviously differences in two experimental conditions. Conclusions According to the result of transcripome and metabolome analyses, we can draw a conclusion that by increasing the content of lignin, amino acids, and levan combining with decreasing the content of LPC, cell reduced permeability, maintained stability, raised the antioxidant capacity, and increased the P uptake in struggling for survival under P deficiency stress.

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima to Phosphorous Limitation

“…Under P-limited conditions, many microalgae can increase phosphate uptake by enhancing the expression of phosphate transporters, such as the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [ 46 ], the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana [ 29 ], and the dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi [ 28 ] and Prorocentrum donghaiense [ 32 ]. In addition, transcripts of several phosphate transporters have been shown to significantly increase by low P treatment in many plant cells [ 38 , 39 , 47 ]. In this study, numerous transcripts of phosphate transporters, including inorganic phosphate transporters, mitochondrial phosphate transporters sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate transporters, triose-phosphate transporters, sphingosine-1-phosphate transporter, and glycerol-3-phosphate transporter, were identified in P. lima .…”

“…Acid phosphatase plays important roles in metabolism such as hydrolysis of phospholipid materials, participation in autophagy processes, and endomembrane recycling [ 48 ]. The up-regulation of acid phosphatase could also be observed in many plant transcriptome studies under conditions of phosphorus deficiency, such as peanut [ 39 ], quinoa [ 49 ], rice [ 50 ], and soybean [ 51 ]. Phospholipase plays central roles in the maintenance and remodeling of the cell membrane by hydrolyzing membrane phospholipids [ 52 ].…”

“…In addition, some species such as Thalassiosira pseudonana , Chaetoceros affinis , and Alexandrium catenella can lower the cellular demand of DIP by using non-phosphorus lipids in the membrane in response to phosphorus scarcity [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. For plants, they also evolved a wide range of morphological, physiological, molecular, and symbiotic strategies to improve P uptake and homeostasis, such as modifying root architecture and morphology, the induction of acid phosphatases and recycling enzymes, increasing expression of P transporters, developing symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and regulating complex P regulatory networks in plant cells [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Therefore, different species of phytoplankton and plants have developed various strategies to cope with phosphate stress.…”

Co-expression network analysis reveals PbTGA4 and PbAPRR2 as core transcription factors of drought response in an important timber species Phoebe bournei

“…Moreover, inhibited photosynthesis and induced ABA in plants under drought stress will accumulate a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, resulting in cell damage ( Zhang et al., 2021 ). Plants defend against excessive ROS damage to cells by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( Wu et al., 2022 ).…”

Exploring the dynamic adaptive responses of Epimedium pubescens to phosphorus deficiency by Integrated transcriptome and miRNA analysis

“…Under phosphorus deficiency stress, the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the phenolic and flavonoid metabolic pathways in the leaves of Artemisia argyi is upregulated, consistent with the significant increase in the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves [ 13 ]. Peanut differentially expressed multiple hormone-related genes, antioxidant enzyme-related genes, and phosphate transporter genes in leaves and roots, thereby affecting hormone levels and antioxidant enzyme activity changes, and improving internal phosphorus cycling [ 14 ]. Under phosphorus deficiency conditions, soybeans respond by increasing the expression of the GmPAP gene family in their roots, which facilitates the symbiosis with rhizobia or arbuscular mycorrhizae, thus promoting phosphorus absorption in the root system [ 15 ].…”