Integrated Clustering and Routing Strategies for Large Scale Sensor Networks

Abstract

Abstract. In two-tiered sensor networks using relay nodes, sensor nodes are arranged in clusters and the higher-powered relay nodes can be used as cluster heads. The lifetime of the networks is determined primarily by the lifetime of the relay nodes. Clustering techniques and routing schemes play a crucial role in determining the useful network lifetime. Traditionally, the clustering and the routing problems, for these networks, have been considered independently and solved separately. In this paper, we present a new integer linear program (ILP) formulation that jointly optimizes both clustering and routing to maximize the lifetime of such networks. We show that our integrated approach can lead to significant improvements over techniques that consider clustering and routing separately, particularly for the non-flow-splitting (single-path) routing model. We also propose a heuristic, based on LP-relaxation of the routing variables, which can be used for larger networks.

Design of Sensor Networks with Guaranteed Connectivity and Lifetime

“…In [7], Gupta and Younis have focused on load balanced clustering and have proposed a heuristic solution for the optimization problem. Routing without flow splitting (i.e., single-path routing) has been studied in [9], [11], [13], [14], [24], and [25]. In [9], the authors have presented a transformation algorithm to convert a multiple outgoing flow routing model to a single outgoing flow routing model.…”

“…In [24], the authors propose a formulation for constructing minimum-energy data-aggregation trees, for a flat architecture. In [13], [11] and [14], minimizing the number of relay nodes and finding there locations were not considered.…”

“…Constraint (13) specifies the total number of bits received at node j from other relay node(s), by summing the data flow on all incoming links. l. Constraint (14) specifies that the base station n + m + 1, does not transmit to any other node.…”

“…Recently, relay nodes have been proposed for balanced data gathering, reduction of transmission range, connectivity and fault tolerance [3], [4], [5], [6]. These nodes can be provisioned with higher power and added functionality, as compared to the sensor nodes, and are ideally suited to serve as cluster heads in a hierarchical, two-tier sensor network [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16].…”

Localized Energy-Aware Fault Management in Relay Based Sensor Networks

“…Therefore, in addition to reducing energy dissipation, a routing scheme also needs to consider how to modify, quickly and efficiently, the routes to avoid the faulty relay node (s). A number of energy-aware routing schemes for two-tiered networks have been proposed in the literature [2], [3], [4], [9], [11], [12], [20], [25], [26]. However, these schemes typically do not consider the possibility of faults in the relay node network, and assume all nodes will be available for routing data.…”