Integrated Cost-Based MAC and Routing Techniques for Hop Count Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks

Rossi, Michele; Zorzi, Michele

doi:10.1109/tmc.2007.54

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Alternatively, the CTS packet can include information about the network activity that each one of the candidates is measuring. In that case, routing is performed by exploiting first and second order neighborhood information for more efficient, integrated MAC/routing schemes [16]. As the authors show in [16], this information can be used as part of the relays' decision of whether and when to respond a multicast RTS.…”

Section: Focused Beam Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that case, routing is performed by exploiting first and second order neighborhood information for more efficient, integrated MAC/routing schemes [16]. As the authors show in [16], this information can be used as part of the relays' decision of whether and when to respond a multicast RTS. However, such details are of no concern for the basic routing principle.…”

Section: Focused Beam Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks

Jornet

Stojanovic

Zorzi

2008

Proceedings of the Third ACM International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation and Characterization

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287

190

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Multi-hop transmission is considered for large coverage areas in bandwidth-limited underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we present a scalable routing technique based on location information, and optimized for minimum energy per bit consumption. The proposed Focused Beam Routing (FBR) protocol is suitable for networks containing both static and mobile nodes, which are not necessarily synchronized to a global clock. A source node must be aware of its own location and the location of its final destination, but not those of other nodes.The FBR protocol can be defined as a cross-layer approach, in which the routing protocol, the medium access control and the physical layer functionalities are tightly coupled by power control. It can be described as a distributed algorithm, in which a route is dynamically established as the data packet traverses the network towards its final destination. The selection of the next relay is made at each step of the path after suitable candidates have proposed themselves.The system performance is measured in terms of energy per bit consumption and average packet end-to-end delay. The results are compared to those obtained using pre-established routes, defined via Dijkstra's algorithm for minimal power consumption. It is shown that the protocol's performance is close to the ideal case, as the additional burden of dynamic route discovery is minimal.

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Section: Focused Beam Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Focused Beam Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks

Jornet

Stojanovic

Zorzi

2008

Proceedings of the Third ACM International Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental Evaluation and Characterization

Self Cite

287

190

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Each node adds routing information to the sink packet as number of hops and estimated distance to the sink (extracted from Radio Signal Strength measurements, RSS). The routing is a localised routing algorithm (LRA), where only information from 1-hop neighbours is used and it adopts a sequential forwarding decision mechanism [9]. In order to make proper routing choices the routing process is made sequentially where nodes at (n+1)-hop wait enough time before retransmission enabling all n-hops' nodes to send their routing packets.…”

Section: A Initialisation: Sequential Forwarding Routingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Design of Efficient Contention MAC with Directional Antennas in Wireless Sensor Networks

Dunlop

Cortes

2008

2008 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference

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Directional antennas in sensor networks are receiving increasing interest and research due to the potential to increase throughput and reduce delay and interference, while requiring lower transmission power. Considering the stringent operation requirements (low duty-cycle) as MAC congestion problems in large multi-hop networks, WSN performance can benefit enormously from such directional capabilities together with an intelligent design. This paper investigates the introduction of switched beam directional antennas in sensor networks using a synchronised sleep/awake contention-base MAC (DirC-MAC) and real available hardware solutions. The control simplicity, small size and low cost makes switched beam antenna technology an attractive and suitable solution for sensor nodes. By means of modelling off-the-shelf sensor node architecture and the use of network simulation this paper shows significant improvements (up to 4 times more throughput and half battery used) may be achieved using directional antennas compared to the omnidirectional alternative. This paper emphasises the use of more realistic radio channel assumptions and addresses the impact of directional antennas in contention-based MACs analysing the performance of different handshaking mechanisms.

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“…Being aware of the potential next-(n-1)hop neighbours after initialisation, routing strategies at nodes are performed autonomously using congestion metrics distributed in a sequential forwarding process [7] within MAC control packets (CTS or ACK). One-hop away neighbours' information is sufficient for the routing decisions, which avoids the flooding of overhead routing control packets.…”

Section: ) Adaptivementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive MAC with scheduled sectorial access at sinks (SSAS) in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cortes

Dunlop

Kolberg

2008

2008 IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems

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This paper addresses the trend in Wireless Sensor Network applications of increasing node density and multi-hop communications that result into extremely challenging design constraints. SSAS, an adaptive hybrid localised sink-oriented Routing/MAC protocol is proposed. It offers a self-configuration scalable solution for large random sensor networks and attempts to alleviate multi-hop congestion problems. The strength of the SSAS protocol is based on the scheduled access at the sinks and the enhancement of the number of one-hop sinks' neighbours by profiting directional antenna capabilities. By means of modelling off-the-shelf sensor node architecture with realistic radio channel assumptions and the use of network simulations, this paper shows significant improvements of SSAS (such as 10 times higher network lifetime) compared to other techniques such as pure contention-based alternative (C-MAC), B-MAC and LEACH. I. INTRODUCTIONWith cost and size of the nodes decreasing due to the technology advances, more applications consider deployment of large multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSN). Commonly, these are nodes-to-sink (converge-casting) applications where sensed data must be delivered to designated gateway nodes (sinks) that serve as fusion centres, but also distribute control information and application requirements to the sensor nodes. This process may involve the use of multi-hop links and can lead to congestion problems (overhearing, collisions, buffer overflow and energy drain) the major impact of which occurs closer to the sinks. Sensor nodes have limited energy supply and a general approach to maximise the network lifetime is the imposition of sleep/wake cycles. Under decreasing active times, efficient contention MAC protocols attempt to maximise the use of the shared channel to achieve application requirements (throughput, delay, lifetime) but using minimal resources. However, as multi-hop is increased in larger networks congestion problems are likely to appear. More precisely, nodes that are closer to the sinks become more saturated with the forwarding task but with reduced chances of competing for access to the channel. These nodes restrict the network time operation.In this situation, the network could benefit from the use of a TDMA-based protocol that is naturally energy preserving, exempt of contention mechanisms and does not suffer from collisions. However, creating and maintaining a TDMA schedule in a multi-hop nodes-to-sink application can be extremely complex if slots need to be allocated more than one-hop away. The effect of clock drift can also be considerable with low duty-cycle MACs as can topology changes or node mobility. In such situations network design

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Integrated Cost-Based MAC and Routing Techniques for Hop Count Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks

Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks

Co-Design of Efficient Contention MAC with Directional Antennas in Wireless Sensor Networks

Adaptive MAC with scheduled sectorial access at sinks (SSAS) in Wireless Sensor Networks

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