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Achieving consistent optimum field development choices in technically complex portfolios requires sound individual and corporate technical capabilities. Within the largest Exploration and Production Company in the Sultanate of Oman, some key gas and contaminated hydrocarbon Field Development Plans are produced by dedicated specialized study teams that are part of the company's so-called Field Development Centre. In order to tackle projects involving technically complex challenges such as tight reservoirs, rich gas condensates, contaminated hydrocarbons or high pressure developments, a number of organizational elements are put in place to ensure continuous growth of staff and corporate capabilities along with corporate knowledge dissemination. First, each project team remains integrated throughout its project life time. The integration of subsurface and surface disciplines allows early identification of realistic and robust development options. It also facilitates knowledge sharing with activities such as field visits conducted jointly between subsurface and surface engineers. The benefits of this integration are demonstrated with examples from several gas condensate and sour oil study cases. Second, experienced professionals provide project specific guidance and coaching to junior staff over several projects. This scheme allows maximizing the impact of the experienced staff while allowing hands-on learning from younger recruits. Third, benefiting from a ring-fenced organization to conduct studies facilitates the retention of corporate knowledge and the replication of best practices. However, this does not imply that knowledge and capabilities remain centralized as several conduits are in place to ensure dissemination across the organization. Asset staffs with identified technical development gaps are assigned for the duration of a project to the study team where they actually develop their skills through direct project contribution. Specialized forums, physical and web-based, are also available to share information and solutions learnt from previous projects. Finally, fundamental technical capabilities and knowledge bases are developed at corporate level in order to consistently address key challenges encountered in various assets (e.g. gas condensate modeling and optimization, tight units recovery improvement, fraccing optimization and associated production forecasting). A wide scope integrated multi-year project covering all company gas activities within several formations has been kicked-off for this purpose. This fundamental project involves various contributors from the company such as Subject Matter Experts and experienced asset staff, specialized external service providers and academia. More specifically, the project aims at developing a comprehensive corporate understanding of its gas reservoirs, and at developing consistent datasets and validated effective modeling workflows to be disseminated through standards, websites and trainings. This paper provides an overview of the work practices and tools that have been put in place within a large company in order to ensure the steady development of staff and corporate technical capabilities while consistently addressing the development of its most complex oil and gas reservoirs.
Achieving consistent optimum field development choices in technically complex portfolios requires sound individual and corporate technical capabilities. Within the largest Exploration and Production Company in the Sultanate of Oman, some key gas and contaminated hydrocarbon Field Development Plans are produced by dedicated specialized study teams that are part of the company's so-called Field Development Centre. In order to tackle projects involving technically complex challenges such as tight reservoirs, rich gas condensates, contaminated hydrocarbons or high pressure developments, a number of organizational elements are put in place to ensure continuous growth of staff and corporate capabilities along with corporate knowledge dissemination. First, each project team remains integrated throughout its project life time. The integration of subsurface and surface disciplines allows early identification of realistic and robust development options. It also facilitates knowledge sharing with activities such as field visits conducted jointly between subsurface and surface engineers. The benefits of this integration are demonstrated with examples from several gas condensate and sour oil study cases. Second, experienced professionals provide project specific guidance and coaching to junior staff over several projects. This scheme allows maximizing the impact of the experienced staff while allowing hands-on learning from younger recruits. Third, benefiting from a ring-fenced organization to conduct studies facilitates the retention of corporate knowledge and the replication of best practices. However, this does not imply that knowledge and capabilities remain centralized as several conduits are in place to ensure dissemination across the organization. Asset staffs with identified technical development gaps are assigned for the duration of a project to the study team where they actually develop their skills through direct project contribution. Specialized forums, physical and web-based, are also available to share information and solutions learnt from previous projects. Finally, fundamental technical capabilities and knowledge bases are developed at corporate level in order to consistently address key challenges encountered in various assets (e.g. gas condensate modeling and optimization, tight units recovery improvement, fraccing optimization and associated production forecasting). A wide scope integrated multi-year project covering all company gas activities within several formations has been kicked-off for this purpose. This fundamental project involves various contributors from the company such as Subject Matter Experts and experienced asset staff, specialized external service providers and academia. More specifically, the project aims at developing a comprehensive corporate understanding of its gas reservoirs, and at developing consistent datasets and validated effective modeling workflows to be disseminated through standards, websites and trainings. This paper provides an overview of the work practices and tools that have been put in place within a large company in order to ensure the steady development of staff and corporate technical capabilities while consistently addressing the development of its most complex oil and gas reservoirs.
This paper discusses the further development of Burhaan West Field, a complex multilayered onshore tight gas reservoir that is one of the largest in the Sultanate of Oman. After several years of production through vertical comingled fractured wells, the foreseen decline below production target triggered an integrated assessment of the field. After considering various subsurface development and surface evacuation options, an opportunity for further field development at minimum cost was identified and selected. The integrated assessment of the field for further development optimization included the following work-streams: Interdisciplinary data analysis to determine the critical elements of the recovery process.Building a range of integrated models capturing the subsurface complexity and diversity of rock properties.Optimized well type and spacing which focused on the advantages of infill drilling for improved aerial/vertical drainage.Phased development along with de-risking of the newly proposed areas.Decision based integrated production modelling to screen various evacuation options.Cost optimizationThe development of a Well Reservoir and Facility Management (WRFM) strategy. The proposed optimized field development enhances the field gas production capacity by 50%, while increasing ultimate recovery by 24%. This is achieved at low surface development cost, utilizing existing facilities, through infill drilling in the Core area and development of the Extension area. The conducted work highlighted the following key aspects of developing a tight gas reservoir: Integrated cross-discipline data analysis is required to identify the critical elements contributing to gas and condensate recovery processes. In the Burhaan Field, this has revealed the presence of key marginally resolvable to sub-seismic features that were not previously identified.Integrated Assessment (Integrated Production Modelling) enables for robust and quick evaluation of a variety of surface development options (e.g. evacuation routes and capacity) that is a key in achieving significant project cost optimization.Large gas field developments generally benefit from a phased development approach, where newly proposed areas can be de-risked while high confidence areas are being developed.A comprehensive WRFM plan is a key component of field development. This plan focuses on the activities required to address the field specific uncertainties and associated risks. It needs to be strictly implemented to ensure the delivery of promised volumes. This case study shares the insights on the challenges faced in developing multi-layered tight gas fields. It highlights how development decisions need to be governed by field specific characteristics that can be identified through multi-disciplinary integrated data analysis. The paper also provides an example of an effective Production Modelling workflow to screen through surface development options and demonstrates how focused data acquisition and specific WRFM activities can be embedded into tight gas developments.
Hydraulic fracturing is well known as an economics enabler for tight reservoir development by accelerating gas recovery. However, tight reservoirs are often associated with low permeability, high Young's modulus layers, thin laminated sands, and influence from tectonic forces. These factors increase the challenges in proppant placement and require a specialized strategy and approach to enable placement and create an economically favorable well. A novel approach that consists of four steps was introduced to eliminate observed proppant placement challenges in a tight gas reservoir in Oman. Ensuring the wellbore-to-reservoir connectivity with deep-penetrating perforation methods is the first step to establish the connectivity in formations with high unconfined compressive strength. The second step is to avoid poroelastic effects in the thin reservoir by minimizing total injected fluid and modifying the sequence of diagnostic injection steps. This is followed by a modified hybrid treatment to minimize the excessive net-pressure development due to viscosity-dominated reservoir behavior. The final step is a pulsing pumping methodology with fiber to better enable placement through narrow fracture widths. These four steps were implemented successfully and enabled the full placement of stages in several wells in which proppant placement had previously been a challenge. A further analysis aimed to rank the level of impact of each step on proppant placement. Avoidance of poroelasticity, minimizing the viscosity-dominated impact, and having the ability to pump the proppant through a narrow fracture width using a pulse methodology are the main contributors to the success. Indeed, the quality of the fracture placed is directly proportional to incremental gas production from each zone. The assessment process to address the challenges observed in tight reservoir development and the evidence to support this strategy are documented. Optimization of each method continues by applying lessons learned and tracking the outcome of each step of the treatment. An integrated surveillance strategy also provides longer-term understanding of the production successes from each treatment.
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