Integrated fiber optical receiver reducing the gap to the quantum limit

Zimmermann, Horst; Steindl, Bernhard; Hofbauer, Michael; Enne, Reinhard

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02870-2

Cited by 45 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In order to measure the performance of the proposed detection scheme for PQ SPADs, besides the rising edge information, the falling edge information of the digital outputs should be also extracted from which the block time vector can then be obtained using (2). Since the LED used in the setup is only with a 3-dB bandwidth of around 20 MHz, the generated electrical OOK signal is strongly influenced by the LED low-pass frequency response and the pulse shape of the received signal at the SPAD receiver is far from the transmitted rectangular pulse shape.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in employing photon counting detectors in both fiber [2] and optical wireless communication (OWC) systems [3], [4] to improve the sensitivity of receivers. To realize a photon counting receiver, the commonly used avalanche photodiode (APD) can be biased above the breakdown voltage so that it operates at Geiger mode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [3], A reconfigurable SPAD receiver is designed for OWC systems with a sensitivity of −31.7 dBm at 100 Mbit/s and 450 nm. In [2], the experimental results of a SPADbased optical fiber receiver are presented and a measurement of -55.7 dBm and -51.6 dBm sensitivities at a data rate of 50 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s for a BER of 2 × 10 −3 is achieved. However, the corresponding quantum limits are -73 dBm and -70 dBm, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Optimal Photon Counting Receiver for Sub-Dead-Time Signal Transmission

Huang

Patanwala

Kosman

et al. 2020

J. Lightwave Technol.

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In many practical scenarios, single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are good solutions to improve the performance of optical communication systems due to their high sensitivity to photon arrival. SPAD receivers can be implemented in large arrays to achieve higher data rates and additional protection against background light; however, they suffer from a significant intersymbol interference (ISI) if the SPAD dead time is comparable or larger than the symbol duration, i.e., sub-dead-time signal transmission. This work proposes a novel detection scheme designed for high-speed SPAD-based systems to effectively mitigate the degradation induced by ISI. Different from traditional receivers, in the proposed scheme, the information extracted from both the counts and arrival times of photons are utilised for the optimal symbol detection in the presence of the non-linear and random ISI effect due to dead time. Our extensive numerical and experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed photon time information based detection (PTID) scheme in terms of both BER performance and background light tolerance of the communication link. In addition, a linear approximation of the SPAD-based channel is investigated, which illustrates that the traditional equalization methods are effective under some specific circumstances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optimal Photon Counting Receiver for Sub-Dead-Time Signal Transmission

Huang

Patanwala

Kosman

et al. 2020

J. Lightwave Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…With 230 pJ/b at best performance, we prove the highest power efficiency of SPAD RXs published to-date [6,10,11]. Although the RX energy per bit is not lower than PD/APD RXs (ranging from 86 pJ/b in [1] to 129 pJ/b [3]), these do not include an ADC function, which is inherently realized by this SPAD RX architecture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Distortion losses of high-speed single-photon avalanche diode optical receivers approaching quantum sensitivity

Kosman

Moore

Haas

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The high internal gain of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in Geiger mode allows the quantum limit of detection to be approached. This offers a significantly improved sensitivity for optical communication over existing photodiodes. A fully integrated CMOS SPAD array receiver (RX) is presented which achieves 500 Mb s −1 four-level pulse amplitude modulation in a visible light communication link within 15.2 dB of the quantum limit. However, SPAD dead time induces around 5.7 dB of transient distortion which restricts error performance and data rate. We propose a model describing a discrete photon counting system which exhibits this nonlinear behaviour and compare it to practical measurements with the RX. A unipolar intensity modulated optical signal is considered, as opposed to bipolar electric fields in conventional radio frequency wireless systems. Intermodulation between the DC and harmonic components of the data-carrying waveform is investigated, and the resulting degradation of signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio and bit error rate is evaluated. The model is developed as a tool for understanding distortion to ultimately allow rectification through RX architecture, modulation scheme, coding and equalization techniques. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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“…The SPAD fabricated in pin-photodiode CMOS consists of a thick absorption zone, resulting in an improved photon detection probability (PDP) for longer wavelengths (approximately 700 nm-1000 nm) and a multiplication region formed by a p-well and a highly doped n++ region. The DCR and the APP at room temperature, as well as the wavelength dependent PDP for a SPAD in the same technology with the same layer structure, but a larger active area, are published in [10]. The dead time of the AQC is approximately 9.5 ns.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Dependence of Dark Count Rate and After Pulsing of a Single-Photon Avalanche Diode with an Integrated Active Quenching Circuit in 0.35 μm CMOS

2018

Self Cite

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The temperature dependence of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with an integrated quencher in 0.35 μm CMOS is investigated. While the dark count rate strongly decreases with decreasing temperature, the after-pulsing probability (APP) does not change a lot in the investigated temperature range from −40°C to 50°C, although the dead time of the active quenching circuit (AQC) is only 9.5 ns. This and the measured histograms of the interarrival time (IAT) suggest that the traps involved have a very short lifetime, which is not strongly temperature dependent, or alternatively that the traps are not the main source of after pulses in the investigated device. Consequently, it may be necessary to find another explanation for the after pulses.

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Integrated fiber optical receiver reducing the gap to the quantum limit

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Optimal Photon Counting Receiver for Sub-Dead-Time Signal Transmission

Optimal Photon Counting Receiver for Sub-Dead-Time Signal Transmission

Distortion losses of high-speed single-photon avalanche diode optical receivers approaching quantum sensitivity

Temperature Dependence of Dark Count Rate and After Pulsing of a Single-Photon Avalanche Diode with an Integrated Active Quenching Circuit in 0.35 μm CMOS

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