Integrated LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna System for 4G/5G Wireless Terminals

Naqvi, Syeda Iffat; Hussain, Niamat; Iqbal, Amjad; Rahman, MuhibUr; Forsat, Masoud; Mirjavadi, Seyed Sajad; Amin, Yasar

doi:10.3390/s20143926

Cited by 88 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A dual 2 × 2 MIMO operating at sub-6 GHz band and a 4 × 4 MIMO operating at mmWave band are proposed in [ 22 ], which incorporates the defects in the ground plane to achieve the required isolation to maintain a suitable MIMO efficiency by maintaining the mutual coupling below −15 dB. A Layering concept using via-holes is proposed in [ 23 ], which can reduce each antenna element’s overall size by 50%, hence providing enough degree of freedom to increase the number of antenna elements on a mobile handset.…”

Section: Discussion On Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Band and Dual Diversity Four-Element MIMO Dipole for 5G Handsets

Jamshed

Ur-Rehman

Frnda

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The increasing popularity of using wireless devices to handle routine tasks has increased the demand for incorporating multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology to utilize limited bandwidth efficiently. The presence of comparatively large space at the base station (BS) makes it straightforward to exploit the MIMO technology’s useful properties. From a mobile handset point of view, and limited space at the mobile handset, complex procedures are required to increase the number of active antenna elements. In this paper, to address such type of issues, a four-element MIMO dual band, dual diversity, dipole antenna has been proposed for 5G-enabled handsets. The proposed antenna design relies on space diversity as well as pattern diversity to provide an acceptable MIMO performance. The proposed dipole antenna simultaneously operates at 3.6 and 4.7 sub-6 GHz bands. The usefulness of the proposed 4×4 MIMO dipole antenna has been verified by comparing the simulated and measured results using a fabricated version of the proposed antenna. A specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis has been carried out using CST Voxel (a heterogeneous biological human head) model, which shows maximum SAR value for 10 g of head tissue is well below the permitted value of 2.0 W/kg. The total efficiency of each antenna element in this structure is −2.88, −3.12, −1.92 and −2.45 dB at 3.6 GHz, while at 4.7 GHz are −1.61, −2.19, −1.72 and −1.18 dB respectively. The isolation, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between the adjacent ports and the loss in capacity is below the standard margin, making the structure appropriate for MIMO applications. The effect of handgrip and the housing box on the total antenna efficiency is analyzed, and only 5% variation is observed, which results from careful placement of antenna elements.

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Section: Discussion On Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Band and Dual Diversity Four-Element MIMO Dipole for 5G Handsets

Jamshed

Ur-Rehman

Frnda

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…An 8 × 8 MIMO configuration with a total volume of 31.2 × 31.2 × 1.57 mm 3 is proposed in [20], giving a resonance at 25.2 GHz with a 8.7 dB maximum gain, while large numbers of back and side lobes are observed in the proposed antenna radiation response. In Reference [21], an antenna for 4G and 5G applications is presented, giving a resonance of 28 GHz with a total antenna size of 75 × 85 mm 2 . The gain yielded at the mm-wave band is 5.13 dB, while large numbers of back and side lobes are found in the radiation response, which make the proposed antenna undesirable for mm-wave communication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infinity Shell Shaped MIMO Antenna Array for mm-Wave 5G Applications

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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In this paper, a novel single layer Multiple Input–Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna for Fifth-Generation (5G) 28 GHz frequency band applications is proposed and investigated. The proposed MIMO antenna operates in the Ka-band, which is the most desirable frequency band for 5G mm-wave communication. The dielectric material is a Rogers-5880 with a relative permittivity, thickness and loss tangent of 2.2, 0.787 mm and 0.0009, respectively, in the proposed antenna design. The proposed MIMO configuration antenna element consists of triplet circular shaped rings surrounded by an infinity-shaped shell. The simulated gain achieved by the proposed design is 6.1 dBi, while the measured gain is 5.5 dBi. Furthermore, the measured and simulated antenna efficiency is 90% and 92%, respectively. One of the MIMO performance metrics—i.e., the Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)—is also analyzed and found to be less than 0.16 for the entire operating bandwidth. The proposed MIMO design operates efficiently with a low ECC, better efficiency and a satisfactory gain, showing that the proposed design is a potential candidate for mm-wave communication.

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“…Apart from the radiators, feeding network is an integral component of the antenna array. Its role is to provide appropriate excitation of the radiators (both magnitude- and phase-wise) so as to ensure the desired beamforming capability of the array [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

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Design of Butler matrices dedicated to Internet of Things and 5th generation (5G) mobile systems—where small size and high performance are of primary concern—is a challenging task that often exceeds capabilities of conventional techniques. Lack of appropriate, unified design approaches is a serious bottleneck for the development of Butler structures for contemporary applications. In this work, a low-cost bottom-up procedure for rigorous and unattended design of miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler matrices is proposed. The presented approach exploits numerical algorithms (governed by a set of suitable objective functions) to control synthesis, implementation, optimization, and fine-tuning of the structure and its individual building blocks. The framework is demonstrated using two miniaturized matrices with nonstandard output-port phase differences. Numerical results indicate that the computational cost of the design process using the presented framework is over 80% lower compared to the conventional approach. The footprints of optimized matrices are only 696 and 767 mm2, respectively. Small size and operation frequency of around 2.6 GHz make the circuits of potential use for mobile devices dedicated to work within a sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. Both structures have been benchmarked against the state-of-the-art designs from the literature in terms of performance and size. Measurements of the fabricated Butler matrix prototype are also provided.

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Integrated LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna System for 4G/5G Wireless Terminals

Cited by 88 publications

References 47 publications

Dual Band and Dual Diversity Four-Element MIMO Dipole for 5G Handsets

Dual Band and Dual Diversity Four-Element MIMO Dipole for 5G Handsets

Infinity Shell Shaped MIMO Antenna Array for mm-Wave 5G Applications

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

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