“…Deterministic optimization for the renewable source processing network design for different chemical products and energy production have been extensively investigated during the past decades, for example, methane production from water, CO 2 , and renewable sources; bioethanol production via gasification of switchgrass or hydrolysis of lignocellulosic switchgrass; biodiesel production from lignocellulosic switchgrass or cooking oil and algae; hydrogen, liquid fuel, commodity chemical (ethylene, propylene, butylene, benzene, etc.) production from biorenewables via fast pyrolysis; power production from biomass, wind, and solar as well as its storage via hydrogen-based dense energy carriers and battery; hydrogen production from biomass and solar; methanol production from algae, solar, and wind; glycerol production from biomass; polyacrylonitrile fiber and diesel substitute production via algae; biogasoline, biodiesel, and power production from biomass wind, solar, waste, and water; , liquid fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass; − nitrogen-containing polymer production from biomass; isoprene production from biomass; ammonia production from wind power or biomass; and so forth.…”