“…independent of TE, related to non-BOLD fluctuations in the net magnetization Δ ρ ), an approach known as multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA) (Kundu et al, 2013(Kundu et al, , 2012(Kundu et al, , 2017. Compared to single-echo data denoising, ME-ICA can improve the mapping of task-induced activation (DuPre, Luh, & Spreng, 2016;Gonzalez-Castillo et al, 2016;Lombardo et al, 2016), for example in challenging paradigms with slow-varying stimuli (Evans, Kundu, Horovitz, & Bandettini, 2015) or language mapping and laterality (Amemiya, Yamashita, Takao, & Abe, 2019). It also outperforms single-echo ICA-based denoising of restingstate fMRI data (Dipasquale et al, 2017), which is particularly beneficial more efficient and reliable functional connectivity mapping in individual subjects (Lynch, Power, Dubin, Gunning, & Liston, 2020) and in brain regions where traditional single-echo acquisitions offer reduced signal-to-noise ratio, such as the basal forebrain (Markello, Spreng, Luh, Anderson, & De Rosa, 2018).…”