Integrated NMR Fluid Characterization Guides Stimulation in Tight Sand Reservoirs

Abstract

Unconventional tight reservoir sands have low porosity and very low permeability (mostly less than 0.1mD) due to their fine grain size and poor grain sorting that is often exacerbated by extensive diagenetic effects such as cementation and compaction. Petrophysical evaluation in these formations is very challenging. Conventional downhole logs such as density, neutron, sonic, gamma ray and resistivity measurements provide limited information on pore size variations and often missed Key geological features especially at the early stages of reservoir development. Fluid characterization at the earliest possible stage is paramount to guide the development of these reservoirs where tight well spacing, stimulation (fracturing) and or horizontal well completion is usually required. The main objective of this paper is to show a process of fluid characterization in unconventional tight sand that guides reservoir stimulation. Porosity partitioning using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging data helps address these challenges in three distinct steps. First, the 1-dimensional (1D) NMR T2 spectrum quantifies the amount of bound and free fluids pore space and reveals reservoir quality with unique sensitivity. In this step, the NMR fluid substitution method was utilized to ensure consistency between NMR logs in oil-based mud (OBM) and water-based mud (WBM) systems. Second, the free fluids are further subdivided into hydrocarbon and water phases using a 2-dimensional (2D) NMR T1/T2 processing technique. Third, the hydrocarbon phase is subdivided again into liquid and gas phases where a gas flag is turned on whenever the NMR gas signal significantly exceeds measurement uncertainty. This enables detection of live hydrocarbons with high gas-oil ratio (GOR). This paper presents the integration of NMR analysis into petrophysical evaluation of an unconventional tight sand reservoir. The evaluation helped optimize the best interval for stimulation. Fluid sample acquired with formation tester correlated very well with NMR log-based fluid prediction. Integrated NMR analysis, including bound fluid vs. free fluid analysis and 2D NMR-based fluid characterization, including gas indicator flag, was applied to establish the presence and type of hydrocarbon in tight sands and select the best representative interval for stimulation. The continuous reservoir quality and fluid distribution profiles provided by these logs were beneficial for the geological understanding and complex formation testing operations in this challenging reservoir.

Study on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logging T2 Spectrum Shape Correction of Sandstone Reservoirs in Oil-Based Mud Wells

“…Considering the character analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance logging data in oil-based mud wells, many researchers have conducted related research [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Chen [ 14 , 15 ] believed that surfactants in oil-based drilling fluids would change the wettability of reservoir rocks, and thus using the default 33 ms as the T 2 cut-off value for interpretation is no longer applicable; Marschall and Coats [ 16 ] believe that the macropores reflected by the T 2 spectrum are greatly affected by the oil-based mud filtrate, while the small pores are not sensitive to the intrusion of the oil-based mud filtrate.…”

“…However, the method of morphological correction of the T 2 spectrum of nuclear magnetic resonance logging in oil-based mud wells is not well studied. Ighodalo [ 17 ] proposed a fluid substitution method to correct the nuclear magnetic T 2 spectrum in oil-based mud wells, yet this method needs to accurately obtain the total water saturation in the invasion zone. Therefore, a method to quickly and accurately correct the shape of the NMR T 2 spectrum after the invasion of oil-based mud filtrate in shale oil reservoirs is needed.…”