Integrated optical E-field probes with segmented modulator electrodes

Meier, Th.; Kostrzewa, C.; Petermann, K.; Schüppert, B.

doi:10.1109/50.317540

Cited by 67 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We have designed, fabricated, and demonstrated the integrated electro-optical E-field sensor with combined dipole antenna and modulator electrode overlay structure, yielding a small device size of 70 ϫ 6 ϫ 0.5 mm 3 . To examine the device's performance, a DC experiment regarding the rate of output-intensity change dependence on the external voltage has been done.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is necessary to perform electroplating, and in this way the thickness of electrodes is obtained to 4 -6 m. But, it is very difficult to electroplate for this device due to the narrow width of the electrodes (300 m), thus we find that the electrode thickness is only about 1 m. To protect the surface of the device, which is overlayed with a layer of glue. Finally, a 5-m polarization maintained input fiber and a 10-m single-mode output fiber are connected to the sensor chip by using silicon micro-benchs with V-type grooves and UV curing adhesive, yielding overall insertion of 6.5-7 dB, and the size of the fabricated sensor is 70 ϫ 6 ϫ 0.5 mm 3 . The photograph of the unpackaged device is shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our device is operated by optical-fiber coupling rather than by prism coupling, and we have used proton-exchanged LiNbO 3 integrated optical waveguides that function at a wavelength of 1.55 m, thus an available laser diode that is convenient for the device's connections, can be used. The size of the fabricated sensor is as small as 70 ϫ 6 ϫ 0.5 mm 3 ; therefore, it is portable and can be used for electromagnetic measurements at various places.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the conventional antenna in the GHz range has a large size, which results in inconvenient use in a narrow space. Therefore, some integrated optical electric-field sensors using a Ti:LiNbO 3 modulator with an optimized electrode structure have been studied in [2,3]. In this paper, we design and fabricate an experimental integrated electro-optical E-field sensor with segmented electrodes at a segmentation of N ϭ 10, and test it successfully with DC and AC electric fields.…”

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An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes

Zhang

Chen

Qiu

2004

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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section of 12 ϫ 12 mm 2 , and its relative permittivity is 90. A square radiating patch of dimensions 10 ϫ 10 mm 2 , embedded with a cross slot of unequal arm lengths (5.6 and 6.0 mm), was printed and centered on the top surface of the ceramic chip. The two unequal arms have a uniform width of 0.5 mm. On the bottom surface of the ceramic chip, a conducting patch serving as the ground plane for the proposed antenna was printed. A side-feed in the form of a conformal strip of width 2 mm and length 3.5 mm was printed on the side surface of the ceramic chip. The side-feed was placed at the center of the side surface, and was used to excite the proposed antenna through capacitive coupling. Good impedance matching can be obtained by adjusting the length of the side-feed, which was chosen to be 3.5 mm in this study.Note that the cross slot embedded in the square radiating patch can lengthen the excited surface current path on the patch, thereby decreasing the resonant frequency of the antenna [2]. This effect reduces the patch size for GPS operation to 1575 MHz. The required 90°-phase difference is obtained by adjusting the length difference of the two unequal arms of the cross slot. To achieve right-hand CP radiation for GPS operation, a 50⍀ GCPW feed line printed on the test circuit board is connected to the side-feed. In this case, two orthogonal resonant modes with a 90°phase difference can be excited and good CP radiation can be obtained. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA prototype with the dimensions shown in Figure 1 is constructed and studied. Figure 2 shows the measured return loss of the constructed prototype. An impedance bandwidth, determined by 10-dB return loss, of 12 MHz (1569 -1581 MHz) centered at about 1575 MHz is obtained. Figure 3 shows the measured input impedance on a Smith chart. In this figure, we can see that there is a small dip in the measured input impedance curve. This indicates that there are two resonant modes excited at very close frequencies, which are contributed from the cross slot of unequal arm lengths in the proposed design. Figure 4 shows the measured axial-ratio results of the proposed antenna. The 3-dB axial-ratio CP bandwidth of the proposed antenna is about 5 MHz, which covers the required bandwidth for GPS operation at 1575 MHz. The measured spinning linear radiation patterns in the x-z and y-z planes at 1575 MHz are plotted in Figure 5. From the measured results, good circularly polarized radiation is obtained. The measured antenna gain is shown in Figure 6, and the antenna gain is above 1 dBic across the 3-dB axial-ratio CP bandwidth. CONCLUSIONA surface-mountable ceramic-chip antenna suitable for GPS operation at 1575 MHz has been proposed, and a constructed prototype has been experimentally studied. Owing to the use of a square-disk ceramic chip with a high relative permittivity of 90, the constructed prototype shows a compact size of 12 ϫ 12 ϫ 4 mm 3 and good CP radiation characteristics have also been obtained. INTRODUCTIONThe recent development of mobile multimedia ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes

Zhang

Chen

Qiu

2004

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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“…Integrated optical E-field sensors have been developed for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurement since 1980s due to their negligible field distortion, high sensitivity, wide frequency response, and compact size [1][2][3][4]. However, the researches mainly focus on how to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth for the measurement of weak radio frequency (RF) E-fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated optical waveguide sensor for lighting impulse electric field measurement

et al. 2014

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A Lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) based integrated optical E-field sensor with an optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a tapered antenna has been designed and fabricated for the measurement of the pulsed electric field. The minimum detectable E-field of the sensor was 10 kV/m. The sensor showed a good linear characteristic while the input E-fields varied from 10 kV/m to 370 kV/m. Furthermore, the maximum detectable E-field of the sensor, which could be calculated from the sensor input/output characteristic, was approximately equal to 1000 kV/m. All these results suggest that such sensor can be used for the measurement of the lighting impulse electric field.

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Electro‐optics

2019

Crystal Optics

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Integrated optical E-field probes with segmented modulator electrodes

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes

An integrated electro‐optic E‐field sensor with segmented electrodes

Integrated optical waveguide sensor for lighting impulse electric field measurement

Electro‐optics

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