Integrated perspectives on genetic and environmental effects on maturation can reduce potential for errors of inference

Marshall, C. Tara; McAdam, Bruce J.

doi:10.3354/meps335301

Cited by 66 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The observed PMRN trends could not be explained by those in water temperature or fish condition, which have been proposed as alternative explanations for previously published PMRN trends (e.g. Kraak 2007;Marshall and McAdam 2007;Wright 2007). We also found no support for the hypothesised effects of potential sampling biases related to spatial variation in fishing and maturity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Temporal trends in probabilistic maturation reaction norms and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the Icelandic shelf

Pardoe

Vainikka

Thórdarson

et al. 2009

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Decreasing temporal trends in probabilistic maturation reaction norm (PMRN) midpoints, symptomatic of earlier maturation despite environmentally induced variation in growth, have been observed in many exploited fish stocks. Here, we studied the growth and maturation trends of female and male Icelandic cod ( Gadus morhua ) by estimating PMRN midpoints for cohorts 1964–1999 and found evidence that a shift towards maturation at smaller sizes and younger ages has occurred independently of changes in growth, condition, and temperature. Weighting the data with regional survey abundance estimates to account for spatial heterogeneity in maturity status and sampling intensity did not qualitatively affect the temporal trends. Length-at-age also decreased through the study period, which, through simulations, could be attributed to the energetic costs of earlier maturity at maturing age groups but not at younger ages. These findings support the hypothesis that such changes in maturation schedules are not caused by environmental factors alone but could also reflect a genetic change, potentially in response to intensive fishing.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Temporal trends in probabilistic maturation reaction norms and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the Icelandic shelf

Pardoe

Vainikka

Thórdarson

et al. 2009

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…This growth conditional PMRN has been applied to several stocks supporting a fisheries-induced evolutionary change in the onset of maturity (reviewed in . Although the method has been criticized, as it does not disentangle genetic effects from environmental factors affecting maturation other than through size at age (Kraak 2007, Marshall & McAdam 2007, it can easily be extended to incorporate other variables as a third or higher dimension (Grift et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fisheries-induced evolutionary changes in maturation reaction norms in North Sea sole Solea solea

Mollet

Kraak²,

Rijnsdorp³

2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Age and size at maturation decreased in several commercially exploited fish stocks, which, according to life history theory, may be due to fisheries-induced evolutionary change. However, the observed changes may also represent a plastic response to environmental variability. To disentangle phenotypic plasticity from evolutionary change, the probabilistic reaction norm approach was applied to 43 cohorts (1960 to 2002) of female sole Solea solea from market samples. The reaction norm for age and size at first maturation has significantly shifted towards younger age and smaller size. Size at 50% probability of maturation at Age 3 decreased from 28.6 cm (251 g) to 24.6 cm (128 g). This change was even stronger when condition was included as a third dimension in the reaction norm estimation. The influence of alternative factors was tested on the population level by regression of reaction norm midpoints on annual estimates of condition, temperature and competitive biomass. Although effects of temperature and competitive biomass were significant, the variation in the midpoints was best explained by the decreasing time trend. Therefore, the results provide strong evidence for a fisheries-induced evolutionary change in the onset of sexual maturity.

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“…5A−D). Such a sudden shift in PMRN midpoints is more consistent with a plastic response of maturation to environmental fluctuations than with fisheries-induced evolution, which is more likely to operate gradually (Marshall & McAdam 2007, Heino & Dieckmann 2008.…”

Section: Temporal Trends In Pmrnsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Using PMRNs, changes in maturation propensity independent of demography and growth-dependent plasticity have been detected in many fish stocks (reviewed by . However, the method cannot distinguish evolutionary changes from growthindependent plasticity due to environmental factors influencing maturation other than via growth; unless these factors are included as additional explanatory variables, they can drive plastic variations in PMRNs (Kraak 2007, Marshall & McAdam 2007, UusiHeikkilä et al 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

Marty¹,

Rochet²,

Ernande³

2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Younger ages and smaller sizes at maturation have been observed in commercial fish stocks over the last century. We establish that age and length at 50% proportion mature (i.e. the proportion of mature individuals in a population or the probability that an individual is mature) decreased from the 1970s to the 2000s in North Sea cod Gadus morhua, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and whiting Merlangius merlangus, but not in Norway pout Trisopterus esmarkii. The potential contributions of demography, phenotypic plasticity and evolution to these trends were assessed. First, maturation trends were extricated from demographic effects and growth-dependent plasticity by estimating probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). PMRN midpoints have significantly shifted downwards at most ages for cod, haddock and whiting, but not for Norway pout. Second, increased temperature and food abundance, loosened trophic competition and relaxed social pressure may also trigger growth-independent plasticity in maturation. Principal component regression of PMRN midpoints on annual estimates of relevant environmental variables exhibiting a temporal trend suggest that, despite some evidence of environmental effects, PMRN trends were mostly independent of growth-independent plasticity in haddock, whiting and male cod, but not in female cod. According to these findings, evolution of maturation, potentially in response to fishing, is plausible in haddock, whiting and male cod, but unlikely for Norway pout, and does not explain trends in female cod maturation. In agreement with life-history theory, the maturation response was larger in fast-growing, late-and large-maturing species exhibiting moderate reproductive effort.

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Integrated perspectives on genetic and environmental effects on maturation can reduce potential for errors of inference

Cited by 66 publications

References 49 publications

Temporal trends in probabilistic maturation reaction norms and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the Icelandic shelf

Temporal trends in probabilistic maturation reaction norms and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the Icelandic shelf

Fisheries-induced evolutionary changes in maturation reaction norms in North Sea sole Solea solea

Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

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