Integrated phenotypes: understanding trait covariation in plants and animals

Armbruster, W. Scott; Pélabon, Christophe; Bolstad, Geir H.; Hansen, Thomas F.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0245

Cited by 245 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(409 reference statements)

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“…Certain trait combinations appear to be effective for delayed selfing in the surveyed species (Fig. 2), a pattern that has been demonstrated more broadly in plant mating systems (Armbruster et al, 2014;Törang et al, 2017). This, too, suggests a process of evolutionary modification in one trait to accommodate the new function of delayed selfing in another.…”

Section: Evolution Of Delayed Selfing Traitssupporting

confidence: 57%

The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plants

Goodwillie

Weber

2018

American J of Botany

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In a series of seminal papers, David G. Lloyd (1979;Lloyd and Schoen, 1992) provided new insight into plant mating-system evolution by recognizing that the selective consequences of selfand cross-pollination and fertilization depend on the specifics of how and when they occur. In phenotypic models, Lloyd showed that the conditions that select for self-fertilization (selfing) facilitated by pollinators differ from those for selfing that occurs autonomously. Further, the selective consequences of autonomous selfing were shown to depend on its timing in anthesis in relation to cross-fertilization (outcrossing). The theory predicts that selfing that occurs after opportunities for outcrossing have passed (delayed selfing) should be selected under the broadest range of conditions.In general, selection of selfing is expected to be opposed by inbreeding depression, the reduced fitness of selfed progeny that results primarily from the expression of deleterious recessive alleles Charlesworth, 1987, Charlesworth andWillis, 2009). Counteracting the cost of inbreeding depression is the 50% genetic transmission advantage of selfing, which occurs because INVITED SPECIAL ARTICLE The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plantsCarol Goodwillie 1,3 and Jennifer J. Weber PREMISE OF STUDY:In a seminal body of theory, Lloyd showed that the fitness consequences of selfing will depend on its timing in anthesis. Selfing that occurs after opportunities for outcrossing or pollen dispersal can provide reproductive assurance when pollinators are limited and is expected to incur little cost, even when inbreeding depression is high. As a result, delayed selfing is often interpreted as a "best-of-both-worlds" mating system that combines the advantages of selfing and outcrossing. METHODS:We surveyed 65 empirical studies of delayed selfing, recording floral mechanisms and examining information on inbreeding depression, autofertility, and other parameters to test the support for delayed selfing as a best-of-both-worlds strategy.KEY RESULTS: Phylogenetic distribution of the diverse floral mechanisms suggests that some basic floral structures may predispose plant taxa to evolve delayed selfing. Delayed selfing appears to serve as a best-of-both-worlds strategy in some but not all species. While the capacity for autonomous selfing is often high, it is lower, in some cases, than in related species with earlier modes of selfing. In other delayed-selfers, low inbreeding depression and reduced investment in corollas and pollen suggest limited benefits from outcrossing.CONCLUSIONS: Despite a growing literature on the subject, experimental evidence for delayed selfing is limited and major gaps in knowledge remain, particularly with respect to the stability of delayed selfing and the conditions that may favor transitions between delayed and earlier selfing. Finally, we suggest a potential role of delayed selfing in facilitating transitions from self-incompatibility to selfing.

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Section: Evolution Of Delayed Selfing Traitssupporting

confidence: 57%

The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plants

Goodwillie

Weber

2018

American J of Botany

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“…In particular, life history traits that comprise complex phenotypes such as phenology (Armbruster, Pélabon, Bolstad, & Hansen, 2014; Murren, 2012; Peiman & Robinson, 2017), may have both genetic and functional linkages. For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana , the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene regulates flowering time and mediates germination time by affecting seed dormancy through a pleiotropic genetic correlation (Chiang et al., 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection

Galloway

Watson

Prendeville

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Flowering and germination time are components of phenology, a complex phenotype that incorporates a number of traits. In natural populations, selection is likely to occur on multiple components of phenology at once. However, we have little knowledge of how joint selection on several phenological traits influences evolutionary response. We conducted one generation of artificial selection for all combinations of early and late germination and flowering on replicated lines within two independent base populations in the herb Campanula americana. We then measured response to selection and realized heritability for each trait. Response to selection and heritability were greater for flowering time than germination time, indicating greater evolutionary potential of this trait. Selection for earlier phenology, both flowering and germination, did not depend on the direction of selection on the other trait, whereas response to selection to delay germination and flowering was greater when selection on the other trait was in the opposite direction (e.g., early germination and late flowering), indicating a negative genetic correlation between the traits. Therefore, the extent to which correlations shaped response to selection depended on the direction of selection. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between timing of germination and flowering varies across the trait distributions. The negative correlation between germination and flowering time found when selecting for delayed phenology follows theoretical predictions of constraint for traits that jointly determine life history schedule. In contrast, the lack of constraint found when selecting for an accelerated phenology suggests a reduction of the covariance due to strong selection favoring earlier flowering and a shorter life cycle. This genetic architecture, in turn, will facilitate further evolution of the early phenology often favored in warm climates.

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“…Much recent work has focused on characterizing large-scale patterns of trait relationships through comparative studies of extant and fossil taxa (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), in some cases demonstrating shifts in phenotypic integration related to changes in development (24)(25)(26), function (27)(28)(29), and environment (30)(31)(32)(33). Although focused overwhelmingly on model organisms, these studies provide a foundation for understanding how phenotypic integration changes through ontogenetic and evolutionary time and how it relates to myriad factors shaping morphological evolution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The fossil record of phenotypic integration and modularity: A deep-time perspective on developmental and evolutionary dynamics

Goswami

Binder

Meachen

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Variation is the raw material for natural selection, but the factors shaping variation are still poorly understood. Genetic and developmental interactions can direct variation, but there has been little synthesis of these effects with the extrinsic factors that can shape biodiversity over large scales. The study of phenotypic integration and modularity has the capacity to unify these aspects of evolutionary study by estimating genetic and developmental interactions through the quantitative analysis of morphology, allowing for combined assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Data from the fossil record in particular are central to our understanding of phenotypic integration and modularity because they provide the only information on deep-time developmental and evolutionary dynamics, including trends in trait relationships and their role in shaping organismal diversity. Here, we demonstrate the important perspective on phenotypic integration provided by the fossil record with a study of Smilodon fatalis (saber-toothed cats) and Canis dirus (dire wolves). We quantified temporal trends in size, variance, phenotypic integration, and direct developmental integration (fluctuating asymmetry) through 27,000 y of Late Pleistocene climate change. Both S. fatalis and C. dirus showed a gradual decrease in magnitude of phenotypic integration and an increase in variance and the correlation between fluctuating asymmetry and overall integration through time, suggesting that developmental integration mediated morphological response to environmental change in the later populations of these species. These results are consistent with experimental studies and represent, to our knowledge, the first deep-time validation of the importance of developmental integration in stabilizing morphological evolution through periods of environmental change.phenotypic integration | modularity | macroevolution | carnivorans |

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Integrated phenotypes: understanding trait covariation in plants and animals

Cited by 245 publications

References 218 publications

The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plants

The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plants

Response to joint selection on germination and flowering phenology depends on the direction of selection

The fossil record of phenotypic integration and modularity: A deep-time perspective on developmental and evolutionary dynamics

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