Integrated Role of Nanotechnology and Pharmacogenetics in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

Abstract

“One size fits all” is an erroneous paradigm in drug delivery, due to side effects/adverse effects and variability observed in drug response. The variability is a result of geneotypic variations (variability in genomic constitution) which is studied in the branch of science called Pharmacogenomics. The variability in drug response is studied by multigene analysis or profiling of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and is recorded in terms of the pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) and pharmacodynamic (drug-receptor interaction, immune response, etc.) response of the drug. Therefore, a foray into this research area can provide valuable information for designing of drug therapies, identifying disease etiology, therapeutic targets and biomarkers for application in treatment and diagnosis of diseases. Lately, with the integration of pharmacogenomics and nanotechnology, a new facade for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases has opened up, and the prescription pattern of drugs has moved to pharmacotyping (individualized dose and dosage-form adjusted therapy) using nanoplatforms like nanobioconjugates, nanotheranostics, etc.

3D Printed Pharmaceutical Systems for Personalized Treatment in Metabolic Syndrome

“…Different technologies to record patient-specific profiling have emerged, such as proteomics, DNA sequencing and imaging and radiology protocols, that provide inter-individual variability in disease associated factors. The interest in the field of identifying factors, such as genetic variability in an individual patient in order to prevent personalized disease, has led to the further advancement into personalized disease surveillance and strategies to develop early detection protocols, such as mutation-specific therapies, pharmacogenetic-based diagnosis, use of pharmacogenomics databases, theranostics, proteomics and biomarker profiling based diagnosis for disease identification and personalized treatment [40,41]. Moreover, pharmacokinetic modelling plays a key role in the development of personalized medicine.…”