Integrated Sensing Platform Validated for the Efficient and On-Site Screening of Amine-Containing Illicit Drugs

Abstract

Efficient and reliable technologies for the on-site detection of illicit drugs are important in drug-facilitated crime investigations. However, the development of such technologies is challenging. Based on the synthetic optimization, introducing a boron ester functional group to the two furanic indicators endows the stimulus-responsive properties synergistically. The ring-opening reaction of the indicators in the presence of amine-containing illicit drugs generated well-known donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts, accompanied by strong color changes. A small-size and lightweight laminated sensor was integrated based on the outstanding ratiometric variations of the two active furanic indicators. A prototype platform was fabricated equipped with a circuit control, a mini pump, and a signal processing system. A user-friendly detection and efficient screening of amine-containing illicit drugs, including phenethylamines, amphetamines, cathinones, and tryptamines in the liquid states were conducted. The ratiometric response of the sensor was linear in the concentration range of 2.1–10.6 μg·mL–1 for methamphetamine·HCl and methcathinone ·HCl. The detection limits for the two illicit drugs at the sublevel (ng·mL–1) were found to be 8.4 and 9.0 ng·mL–1, respectively. Double-blind field tests and different illicit drugs were evaluated with good screening capability. Successful trials showed the potential applications of the developed prototype platform for efficient and on-site analytical determination.