Integrated Sensors in Advanced Composites: A Critical Review

Montazerian, Hossein; Rashidi, Armin; Milani, Abbas S.; Hoorfar, Mina

doi:10.1080/10408436.2019.1588705

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 362 publications

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“…It was found that even though a review paper has recently been published on integrated sensors in composites [82] while another review paper on carbon-coated sensors for process monitoring and SHM has also been put forth [83] but there is a need to conduct a detailed literature review on the Piezoresistive sensing approaches for SHM of composites with a view of conducting a comparative analysis of these approaches as well as a detailed discussion of their relative merits and demerits. Such a review should culminate with a comprehensive strategy for the selection of an appropriate Piezoresistive sensing approach for SHM of composites.…”

Section: Non-carbonaceous Fillersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance of the composites in this case can be a useful tool for the monitoring of fiber fracture and pullouts which induces changes in the configuration of conductive networks. It has been reported that dielectric analysis [82] and measurement of complex impedance [84] of CFRP crossply can be used for cure monitoring and fiber failure/matrix cracking respectively. Abry et al [85,86] pioneered the self-sensing approaches using AC and DC electrical property measurements in CFRPs.…”

Section: Self Sensing In Carbon Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Piezoresistive Sensing Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites—A Review

Nauman

2021

Eng

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an emerging paradigm of real-time in situ structural evaluation for the detection of damage and structural degradation. This is achieved while the structure is kept in-service as against traditional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques which require scheduled interventions while the structure is kept offline. SHM offers great advantages over traditional regimens of condition monitoring (CM) by improving structural reliability and safety through timely detection of structural defects also known as “diagnosis”. Polymeric composite materials offer the unique opportunity of integrating different phases for designing self-sensing smart systems capable of self-diagnosis. Polymers are unique in the sense that they can be designed in various configurations as they generally have facile manufacturing procedures. Among other properties, piezoresistance is the one that can be detected in composites in real-time as a function of strain. Conductive polymers including intrinsic and extrinsic conductive polymers can be used to induce piezoresistivity in composites. Careful design procedures can be adopted to maximize the sensitivity of these piezoresistive composites in order to fully exploit the potential of this property for SHM. Various manufacturing/integration strategies can be employed to effectively use piezoresistance in composites for structural health monitoring. These include self-sensing in carbon fiber-reinforced composites, use of surface deposited/mounted sensing films and patterns, integration of filaments and yarns during reinforcement manufacturing or lay-up and impregnation of reinforcements with piezoresistive matrices. A comprehensive review of these techniques is presented with the view of their utility in the SHM of composites. A selection criterion for these techniques is also presented based on sensitivity, manufacturing method and detection capability.

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Section: Non-carbonaceous Fillersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self Sensing In Carbon Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piezoresistive Sensing Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites—A Review

Nauman

2021

Eng

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“…This also includes manufacturing-specific aspects such as the integration of sensor and actuator elements into the structure of fibre composite components and its influence on the manufacturing or design process as well as on the mechanical properties [9,20,21]. In this context, several studies were made with regard to designing suitable smart components [9,22,23], adapted manufacturing technologies for function-integrative structures [17,24] and their experimental characterization [15,25,26]. Common materials are composites of glass fiber reinforced thermosets (mainly epoxy resins) or thermoplastics (e.g., polyamides, polypropylene).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delamination Behaviour of Embedded Polymeric Sensor and Actuator Carrier Layers in Epoxy Based CFRP Laminates—A Study of Energy Release Rates

Hornig

Winkler

Bauerfeind³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Fiber reinforced composites combine low density with high specific mechanical properties and thus became indispensable for today’s lightweight applications. In particular, carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) is broadly used for aerospace components. However, damage and failure behaviour, especially for complex fibre reinforcement set-ups and under impact loading conditions, are still not fully understood yet. Therefore, relatively large margins of safety are currently used for designing high-performance materials and structures. Technologies to functionalise the materials enabling the monitoring of the structures and thus avoiding critical conditions are considered to be key to overcoming these drawbacks. For this, sensors and actuators are bonded to the surface of the composite structures or are integrated into the composite lay-up. In case of integration, the impact on the mechanical properties of the composite materials needs to be understood in detail. Additional elements may disturb the composite structure, impeding the direct connection of the composite layers and implying the risk of reducing the interlaminar integrity by means of a lower delamination resistance. In the presented study, the possibility of adjusting the interface between the integrated actuator and sensor layers to the composite layers is investigated. Different polymer layer combinations integrated into carbon fibre reinforced composite layups are compared with respect to their interlaminar critical energy release rates GIc and GIIc. A standard aerospace unidirectionally reinforced (UD) CFRP prepreg material was used as reference material configuration. The investigations show that it is possible to enhance the mechanical properties, especially the interlaminar energy release rate by using multilayered sensor–actuator layers with Polyimide (PI) outer layers and layers with low shear stiffness in between.

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“…Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) were considered in (Pereira et al, 2016) for polymer characterization; in this study, the author used those sensors in tensile tests of dog-bone specimens and proposed a calibration protocol using extensometers. FBG own the advantage to not influence the material resistance and characteristics, but their installation can not be done on existing components and has to be considered before manufacturing (Montazerian et al, 2020). Non-contact-systems such as laser extensometers, video extensometers (Tian et al, 2018) and Digital Image Correlation system avoid any influence on the specimen (Jerabek et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing Effect of Strain Gauges on 3D Printed Polymers: An Experimental Investigation

Torre¹,

Brischetto²

2021

American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Strain gauges are ordinary transducers for strain measuring; their operation relies on the electrical resistance, which varies as the underlying substrate is subjected to mechanical deformation. The mechanical strain can be obtained by converting the electrical signal through a gauge factor, provided by the manufacturer. It was demonstrated that its values are not unique; it may be influenced by the geometrical characteristics of both the specimen and the strain gauge and by their respective moduli of elasticity. This can be extremely dangerous when low modulus materials are studied. This study confirms that even with commercial strain gauges specifically designed for low modulus materials the effect might be present. An experimental method for its evaluation is discussed; tensile specimens are used as a test bench and their modulus is determined using both strain gauges and a noncontact method (Digital Image Correlation). The results show that a local reinforcing effect is present and a higher tensile modulus is obtained when contact transducers are bonded to polymeric specimens. The amplitude of this effect is predicted with established methods available in the literature and through a simple 2D Finite Element (FE) model. All these models require the elastic modulus of the strain gauge to be considered; a digital procedure to estimate it for any wired transducer is therefore proposed. The predicted results were found to be consistent with those experimentally measured; this validated the method, thus advising on how to evaluate the phenomenon also when this information is not available.

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Integrated Sensors in Advanced Composites: A Critical Review

Cited by 40 publications

References 362 publications

Piezoresistive Sensing Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites—A Review

Piezoresistive Sensing Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites—A Review

Delamination Behaviour of Embedded Polymeric Sensor and Actuator Carrier Layers in Epoxy Based CFRP Laminates—A Study of Energy Release Rates

Reinforcing Effect of Strain Gauges on 3D Printed Polymers: An Experimental Investigation

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