Integrated shallow seismic imaging of a settlement located in a historical landslide area

Landslide Investigation Using Seismic Refraction Tomography Method: A Review

“…The frequency of the geophones should be adequate to sliding objectives. Typically, in shallow seismic investigations, particularly landslide studies, the natural frequency used is 4.5 Hz (Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Glade et al, 2005;Havenith et al, 2002;Havenith et al, 2000;Imani, 2020;Imani and Tian, 2018;Imani et al, 2021b;Jongmans et al, 2009;Karslı et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2011;Uhlemann et al, 2016;Vanlı Senkaya et al, 2019). However, geophones with higher frequencies (10, 14, and 28 Hz) are likely applied in sliding studies (Adamczyk et al, 2013;Bekler et al, 2011;Donohue et al, 2012;Glade et al, 2005;Godio et al, 2006;Grit and Kanli, 2016;Jacob et al, 2018;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Ng et al, 2015;Travelletti et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2016;Zainal Abidin et al, 2012).…”

“…) and higher values in landslide bedrock (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Uhlemann et al, 2016). In most studies carried out in landslide areas using SRT, the first break collected included P-wave data (Armstrong et al, 2011;Bekler et al, 2011;Capizzi and Martorana, 2014;Donohue et al, 2012;Ferrucci et al, 2000;Göktürkler et al, 2008;Grit and Kanli, 2016;Havenith et al, 2002;Havenith et al, 2000;Heincke, 2005;Imani, 2020;Imani and Tian, 2018;Jacob et al, 2018;Karslı et al, 2017;Mezerreg et al, 2019;Nwankwo and Ugbena, 2019;Ostrowski and Lasocki, 2018;Otto and Sass, 2006;Samyn et al, 2012;Travelletti et al, 2010;Vanlı Senkaya et al, 2019;Zainal Abidin et al, 2012); however, some literature supplemented the landslide studies using S-wave refractions (Bichler et al, 2004;Jongmans et al, 2009;Ozcep et al, 2012;Uhlemann et al, 2016;Yilmaz and Kamaci, 2018).…”

Subsurface characterization by active and passive source geophysical methods after the 06 February 2023 earthquakes in Turkey

“…Seismic refraction tomography (SRT) which is an inverse solution techniques of first arrival times from SSR data, and MASW techniques are time and cost effective in obtaining longitudinal wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave) velocities of the subsurface materials, respectively. The SRT technique allows to obtain the 2D and 3D velocity structure of the subsurface (Rucker 2000;Leucci et al 2006;Raghu Kanth and Iyengar 2007;Babacan et al 2018), faults (Buddensick et al 2008;Khalil and Hanafy 2016) and soil/rock parameters (Azwin et al 2013;Keçeli 2012;Maraio et al 2014;Sheehan et al 2005;Vanlı Senkaya et al 2020) without damaging the natural subsurface state. However, SRT technique is widely used in determining the interfaces between layers with different seismic velocities, engineering purposes, environmental projects, geotechnical investigations, dam safety and groundwater studies (Bridle 2006;Yılmaz et al 2006;Hodgkinson and Brown 2005).…”