Integrated Weed Management–A Component of Integrated Pest Management: A Critical Review

Abstract

Integrated weed management (IWM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM), which is an interdisciplinary practice involving disciplines such as entomology, nematology, plant pathology, weed science, horticulture, agronomy, ecology, economics, and systems science. Most descriptions of IPM mention three elements: a) multiple tactics (for example, competitive varieties, cultural practices, herbicide usage) used in a compatible manner; b) pest populations maintained below levels that cause economic damage, and c) conservation of environmental quality. Integrated weed management was discussed in 1981 during a Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Symposium entitled Integrated Weed Management Systems Technology for Crop Production and Protection. Topics presented included modeling weed biology, crop manipulation, biological control, herbicide technology, research needs, teaching approaches, and extension implementation. Our paper was presented as part of a symposium on IWM at the 1990 WSSA meeting. This paper describes some of the research that weed scientists have conducted during the past 40 yr. Topics examined include an introductory review of IPM, trends in several categories of weed research, goals and suggestions stated during the 1981 WSSA Symposium on IWM, IWM accomplishments since about 1981, and the future of IWM as a component of IPM.

The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

“…In organic agriculture, the use of herbicides is forbidden, therefore, more attention is paid to agrotechnical methods of weed control as well as mechanical, biological and physical ones (Eisele 1998;Hucl 1998;O'Donovan et al 2007). The integrated system of weed control (IWM -Integrated Weed Managenent) combines effective, environmentally safe, and socially acceptable methods in order to maintain the weed population below the economic threshold of harmfulness (Thill 1991;Duer 1996). The integrated system is based on crop rotation, and carefully performed agrotechnical practices.…”

“…The Decision Support System (DSS) is a very important element of IWM for plant protection (PC -Plant Protection). The use of the DSS allows for the forecasting of the weed emergence, and the choice of the most effective method of weed control so that excessive use of herbicides can be avoided (Thill et al 1991;Forcella et al 1993;Jensen and Nielsen 2000).…”

Weeds Resistant to Nontriazine Classes of Herbicides

“…Considerable research and effort have gone into measuring the levels of weed infestations that growers should tolerate instead of applying herbicides or other control measures. Many researchers have made recommendations for using weed thresholds as IPM in US agriculture (Shaw, 1982;Thill et al, 1991;Buhler et al, 1992;Hollingsworth, 1994;Buhler, 1996;Cardina et al, 1996;Norris, 1999). Czapar et al (1997) conducted surveys of growers, agricultural chemical dealers, and farm managers/rural appraisers in Illinois to identify limitations to grower acceptance of economic thresholds for IWM, and found that 9% used economic thresholds as a basis for weed control.…”

Integrated weed management strategies for delaying herbicide resistance in wild oats

“…Integrated weed management has been defined as the intégration of effective, environmentally safe, and sociologically acceptable control tactics that reduce weed interférence below the économie injury level (Thill et al 1991). An integrated weed management strategy must be included in ail parts of a crop production System (Swanton and Weise 1991).…”