“…Researchers began to integrate various pedagogical theories/approaches in adaptive e-leaning systems such as scaffolding theory, learnercentered theory, and assessment methods for learners. Although previous studies have developed adaptive elearning systems with scaffolding theory to facilitate student learning (Brusilovsky et al, 1996;Shi et al, 2002;Murray, 2003;Azevedo, Johnson, Chauncey, & Burkett, 2010;Molenaar, van Boxtel, & Sleegers, 2011), study related to developing rigorous student self-assessment to underpin adaptive e-learning systems remain limited. In fact, most adaptive e-learning systems assess/diagnosis individual student differences during the initial learning period and provide tailored learning instruction; and the scaffoldings/supports are not adjusted in accordance with concerning students' learning progress (Molenaar, Roda, van Boxtel, & Sleegers, 2012).…”