Abstract-Teacher immediacy (verbal and non-verbal)remains an important factor towards prompting efficient pedagogical approaches. Whilst teacher immediacy in a classroom setting is important, there is growing awareness about the importance of the construct in a virtual setting as education shifts from explicit conventional face-to-face teaching and learning to a blended environment which includes distance education. This paper attempts to generate some understandings about the correlation between teacher immediacy, both verbal and non-verbal, and students' active participation and satisfaction in a distance education learning environment. This paper considers, in a preliminary research framework, a Saudi university which offers a range of distance education courses as an initial cohort from which to generate such understandings. Students' opinions, perceptions, and reported satisfaction were captured through utilising a structured questionnaire completed by 413 participants, enrolled in a variety of distance education courses offered by the aforementioned university. This study found that there was significant correlation between the overall adopted teacher immediacy (verbal and non-verbal) and students' overall online participation and satisfaction in the investigated distance education courses. In terms of gender differences, male participants have higher willingness to participate than female participants within the perceived immediacy behaviours. On the other hand, female participants were more satisfied in terms of communication than male participants within the perceived "e-immediacy" behaviours. These results serve as a prompt for further research on teacher immediacy in the rapidly developing and increasing virtual education domain in a global and connected world.Index Terms-Distance education, teacher immediacy, e-immediacy, verbal immediacy, non-verbal immediacy, students' satisfaction, students' online participation, students' communication satisfaction.
I. INTRODUCTIONTeacher immediacy has been a topic of research and interest in conventional (face-to-face) classroom settings. Teacher immediacy-both verbal and non-verbal-focuses mainly on creating a close collaborative communicative environment, where immediacy as a term is defined as ‗the relationship between the speaker and the objects he or she communicates about' [1]. A number of scholars perceived teacher immediacy as the reduction of psychological or [5]. Recent research reported that university lecturers who employ immediacy -including lecturers' warmth and approachability-in their teaching and learning practice experience an increased level of students' participation and enjoy a greater ‗breadth' of such participation [5] In a digital and internationalised 21 st century, universities strive to reposition themselves into offering distance education [6]. In a virtual learning environment, physical separation is one of the characteristics of distance education. Regardless of the advantages physical separation might bring about (flexibility, sav...